Airport Security Special Collection
see U.S. Government Accountability Office, Special Collection on Airport Security

Airport Watch: Airport and Aircraft Security
http://web.archive.org/web/20060514080724/http://www.protect-mgmt.com/library/airport.html
Aviation crime prevention, like home or business crime prevention, is primarily a matter of anticipating risks and eliminating them. Most crimes occur because a criminal found an easy opportunity with little danger of being observed or caught. Removing opportunity prevents crime. Even in high-risk business settings, aggressive prevention programs reduces the risk of successful attacks. Article by Robert A. Gardner. Still available thanks to the Internet Archives.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Aviation Security
http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Government_Role/security/POL18.htm
Civil aviation security exists to prevent criminal activity on aircraft and in airports. Criminal activity includes acts such as hijacking (air piracy), damaging or destroying aircraft and nearby areas with bombs, and assaulting passengers and aviation employees. Today, aviation security is high on the list of priorities of air travelers, the Federal Government, and the international air community. In the earliest days of aviation, however, aviation security was only a minor concern. Article on the history of aviation security by the U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Aviation Security Articles from the U.S. News & World Report
http://www.usnews.com/usnews/home.htm
Type in "aviation security" to retrieve recent articles.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Aviation Security: Counterterrorism Publications
for Law Enforcement Officials
http://www.counterterrorismtraining.gov/pubs/01.html
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Background Q&A: The UAE Purchase of American Port Facilities
http://www.cfr.org/publication/9918/uae_purchase_of_american_port_facilities.html
Questions and answers about issues surrounding a purchase that would give a company from Dubai (in the United Arab Emirates) "control over facilities in six U.S. ports: New York, Miami, Newark-Port Elizabeth, Philadelphia, New Orleans, and Baltimore." Discusses security concerns (weapons of mass destruction and vulnerability of liquefied natural gas), the company (DP World), significance of operation of U.S. ports by foreign companies, and related topics. Provided by Council on Foreign Relations. Source: Librarians' Internet Index, Week of March 2, 2006.
(Last checked 03/09/06)

Basic Characteristics of Freight Rail Transportation in the United States, 1997
http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps17088/Basics_FreightRailTrans.pdf
This report provides a preliminary assessment of the freight railroad system as a critical infrastructure of the U.S., and describes the system's ability to continue to operate after accidents, natural disasters, actions caused by trespassers and possible terrorist threats. Critical Infrastructure Assurance Office. January 1997.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Books About Airport Security in the MSU Libraries
http://magic.lib.msu.edu/search/d
Type in "airports security measures" in the subject box.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Border and Transportation Security : The Complexity of the Challenge
http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/RL32839.pdf
Jennifer E. Lake et al. Congressional Research Service Domestic Social Policy Division, March 29, 2005. 19pp. Posted by the Federation of American Scientists. Discusses advance passenger and cargo manifests, the Container Security Initiative, the Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT), and other current programs.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Border and Transportation Security : Overview of Congressional Issues
http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/RL32705.pdf
Summarizes the roles and responsibilities of federal agencies involved in border and transportation security, and discusses issues confronting the 109th Congress. Jenniefer E. Lake, Congressional Research Service, Dec. 17, 2004. 25pp. Posted by the Federation of American Scientists.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Border and Transportation Security : Possible New Directions and Policy Options
http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/RL32841.pdf
William H. Robinson et al. Congressional Research Service Domestic Social Policy Division, March 29, 2005. 24pp. Posted by the Federation of American Scientists. Discusses biometric identification, maritime domain awareness, smart containers, and other developing programs.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Border and Transportation Security : Selected Programs and Policies
http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/RL32840.pdf
Lisa M. Seghetti et al. Congressional Research Service Domestic Social Policy Division, March 29, 2005. 28pp. Posted by the Federation of American Scientists.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Cargo Security: High Tech Protection, High Tech Threats
http://gulliver.trb.org/publications/security/ebadolato.pdf
"The $2.7 trillion transportation industry accounts for 17% of the U.S. economy. But an estimated $30 to $50 billion in cargo is stolen worldwide each year." Computer-savvy criminals, backed by syndicates and assisted by corporation insiders, are manipulating the new shipping technology for illicit gains. Security professionals must maintain the expertise to anticipate and prevent sophisticated theft at every link in the worldwide supply chain. Ed Badolato, President, CMS, Inc.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Cargo Theft: America's Most Serious Property Crime
http://www.cmsinc.freeservers.com/CMS_Inc_articles.html
Article by Edward V. Badolato appearing in Security Management Magazine, July 2000, and posted by Contingency Management Services, Inc. Look under the topic "transportation security" for link.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Cleveland Transit Authority: Integrating CCTV, access control and life safety. (On the Job: Mass Transit)
Article by John Mesenbrink appearing in Security 39, no. 3 (March 2002)
Access restricted to MSU facuty and students or Proquest subscribers
Whether they take a bus to work, ride the train to the airport or travel among the 59 municipalities it serves, Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority's riders logged nearly 60 million trips a year. The RTA is one of the largest transit systems in the United States. That makes it especially difficult to provide a safe environment for its 4 million riders and 3,000 employees, and protect its many buildings, millions of dollars of physical assets and the more than $30 million it collects in fares every year.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Coast Guard Must Ramp Up Security, Acquisition Efforts
http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/0203/021303p1.htm
The Coast Guard should accelerate efforts to protect U.S. seaports from terrorism and move ahead on its $11 billion Deepwater acquisition project, senators from coastal states said Wednesday. Sen. Olympia Snowe, R-Maine, called on the Coast Guard to speed up security assessments of seaports and said she would try to increase funding for Deepwater, the service’s 30-year upgrade of its offshore fleet, so the project could be finished in 10 years. GovExec.com, Feb. 13, 2003.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Computer Assisted Passenger PreScreening
http://www.fcw.com/fcw/articles/2003/0310/fcw-edit-03-10-03.asp
http://www.fcw.com/fcw/articles/2003/0310/news-tsa-03-10-03.asp
http://www.fcw.com/fcw/articles/2003/0310/web-capps-03-14-03.asp
In the past 18 months, most airline passengers have been more than willing to sacrifice a little convenience in the name of safety. The Transportation Security Administration bets they are willing to sacrifice privacy as well. That's the premise anyway of TSA's Computer Assisted Passenger Pre-Screening (CAPPS) II program, which Lockheed Martin Corp. will develop in the coming months to serve as a watchdog for the aviation industry. The program, which will receive passenger data from airline systems, will search government watch lists, financial records and other databases, looking for suspicious activity. The system will then assign a red, yellow or green threat level to passengers. Red indicates that a passenger cannot board an airplane; yellow will trigger close scrutiny of a passenger.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Contraband, Organized Crime, and the Threat to the Transportation And Supply Chain Management
http://www.cargosecurity.com/ncsc/images/contraband.pdf
The National Cargo Security Council - a coalition of public and private transportation organizations - has retained FIA International Research Ltd. ("FIA") to examine how the transportation and supply chain function is impacted by cargo crime and the worldwide expansion of contraband markets in otherwise legal products... September 2001.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Counter-Terrorism: Publications: Port Security
http://www.counterterrorismtraining.gov/pubs/port.html
Collection of government publications on the security of U.S. ports. Topics include port and maritime security challenges, policy and practices, identification systems, container security, potential impact of terrorist attacks on freight transport, role of government agencies (such as the U.S. Coast Guard), and more. Publications go back to 2002. From the ounter-Terrorism Training Coordination Working Group convened by the U.S. Department of Justice. Source: Librarians' Internet Index, Week of March 2, 2006.
(Last checked 03/09/06)

Detection of Explosives for Commercial Aviation Security

Detour Ahead: Critical Vulnerabilities in America's Rail and Mass Transit Security Programs
http://trb.org/news/blurb_detail.asp?id=6433
U.S. Congressman Bennie G. Thompson, the ranking member of the U.S. House of Representatives’ Homeland Security Committee, has released a report that was prepared by the Democratic staff of the committee that examines the potential vulnerabilities of America’s rail and mass transit security programs. The report was produced to coincide with the first anniversary of the London public transportation bombings of July 7, 2005. Transporation Research Board of the National Academies Press, 2006.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

DHS Plans Web site to Help Identify Transportation Vulnerabilities
http://www.govexec.com/story_page.cfm?articleid=31980&dcn=e_gvet
The Department of Homeland Security plans to set up a free Web site that will allow owners and operators of transportation systems to voluntarily assess their security protections against terrorist attacks and receive recommendations on how to make improvements, the department announced this week. DHS is seeking public and industry comment on the Vulnerability Identification Self-Assessment Tool. The department submitted a request Wednesday to the Office of Management and Budget for emergency processing and approval authority to move forward on developing the tool. Comments are due to OMB by Sept. 9. The tool would be free to users and managed by the Transportation Security Administration. "After its inception, TSA faced the challenge of securing all of the different modes within the transportation sector," the Federal Register notice states. "A methodology was required in order to support inter- and intramodal analysis and decision-making. Millions of assets exist within the transportation sector, ranging from over 500,000 highway-bridges to over 19,000 general aviation airports.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

DOT Begins Recruiting Federal Security Directors for Airports
http://www.dot.gov/affairs/dot0302.htm
Jan. 8, 2002 DOT news release.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

DOT Report Says U.S. Transit Systems Vulnerable to Terrorist Threat
http://www.emergency.com/transt98.htm
According to recent report published by the U.S. Transportation Department, buses and trains in the United States are becoming inviting targets for terrorist acts. Excerpted from: ERRI DAILY INTELLIGENCE REPORT-ERRI Risk Assessment Services-Saturday, February 28, 1998 Vol. 4 - 059
(Last checked 04/05/07)

DOT Taps Private Industry for Help in Building Transportation Security Administration
http://www.dot.gov/affairs/dot0602.htm
Jan. 16, 2002 DOT news release.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Emergency preparedness for transit terrorism [electronic resource]
Annabelle Boyd and John P. Sullivan. Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1997.
Cataloged for Magic
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Emergency Response Guidebook (2000):
A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident
http://hazmat.dot.gov/pubs/erg2/en/2000/psnsort.htm
U.S. Department of Transportation.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

An Evaluation of the Transportation Security Administration’s Screener Training
and Methods of Testing
http://web.archive.org/web/20050518012446/http://www.dhs.gov/interweb/assetlibrary/OIG_04-45.pdf
Department of Homeland Security, Transportation Security Administration, Office of Inspector General, 2004. 122p. Still available thanks to the Internet Archive. Copyright request 2175
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Federal Cargo Inspection System Found Wanting
http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/0805/080505c1.htm
A system used by the Homeland Security Department to help inspectors identify high-risk cargo coming into U.S. seaports needs improvement in order to better screen for weapons of mass destruction, according to a new report. In a summary report released this week, the Homeland Security Department's inspector general found deficiencies in an inspection system used by the Customs and Border Protection Bureau. Called the Automated Targeting System, it is used by CBP inspectors at domestic and foreign ports to help identify high-risk cargo containers for inspection. About 9 million containers arrive annually at U.S. seaports, making it impossible to physically inspect each of them without hampering the flow of commerce.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Geography of Transit Crime: Documentation and Evaluation of Crime Incidence
On and Around the Green Line Stations in Los Angeles
http://www.uctc.net/papers/550.pdf
43pp.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Homeland Security: Protecting Airliners From Terrorist Missiles
http://www.fas.org/irp/crs/RL31741.pdf
Could shoulder-fired missiles be the next terrorist weapon? In late October—just two weeks before press reports indicated that some 4,000 surface-to-air missiles had gone missing from Saddam Hussein's arsenal after the invasion of Iraq—the Congressional Research Service released a report assessing the threat such missiles pose to the U.S. airline industry. According to the study, some twenty-five to thirty terrorist and insurgent groups already have surface-to-air missiles, including groups in Turkey, Thailand, Ireland, and Russia. The weapons generally have a range of about four miles, meaning that planes are safe while flying at 20,000 feet or higher, but vulnerable during takeoff and descent. The report notes that since surface-to-air missiles were first developed, in the late 1950s, there have been only six incidents in which passenger jets have been attacked with them; only two of these attacks were classified as "catastrophic," resulting in the deaths of all passengers on board. (The most recent attack occurred in November of 2002, when terrorists linked to al-Qaeda unsuccessfully fired two surface-to-air missiles at an Israeli passenger jet in Mombasa, Kenya.) The bad news, according to the report, is that there is no simple or affordable way of protecting planes from such missiles. If the U.S. government were to install countermeasures on each of the country's thousands of large passenger jets, the cost would be somewhere between one and three million dollars per aircraft. Deterrence flares (which will soon be installed on planes flown by the Israeli airline El Al) are not good at fooling newer models of the missiles and pose a fire hazard to the areas surrounding an airport. Evasive maneuvering by pilots is deemed "not a viable option." Christopher Bolkcom, Andrew Feickert, and Bartholomew Elias, Congressional Research Service, Oct. 22, 2004, 27pp. Posted by the Federation of American Scientists.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Information Concerning the Arming of Commercial Pilots
http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d02822r.pdf
GAO-02-822R.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Improving Transit Security : A Synthesis of Transit Practice
http://gulliver.trb.org/publications/tcrp/tsyn21.pdf
National Research Council, Transportation Research Board. 1997. 45pp.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Intermodal Cargo Transportation: Industry Best Security Practices
http://www.volpe.dot.gov/infosrc/strtplns/nstc/cargo/
May 1999.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

The Job of a Transit Cop
http://www.nyc.gov/html/nypd/html/transportation/jobofa.html
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Keeping Cargo Safe: Container Security Initiative
http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/border_security/international_activities/csi/
Facts sheets about the Container Security Initiative (CSI), "a program intended to help increase security for containerized cargo shipped to the United States from around the world." Discusses elements of this anti-terrorism program, the ports where the CSI is in operation, and related material. Includes links to news releases about the CSI. From U.S. Customs and Border Protection.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Making the Nation Safe: The Role of Science and Technology in Countering Terrorism
http://www.nap.edu/books/0309084814/html/
See Chapter 7, Transportation Systems. The National Academies Press. 2002.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Maritime Security: Overview of Issues
http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/RS21079.pdf
Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service report RS21079 by John F. Frittelli, updated December 5, 2003. 6pp.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Mass Transit Defends Itself Against Terrorism
http://www.homelandsecurity.org/newjournal/articles/dunhammasstransit.htm
This article, written by ANSER analyst and editor Steve Dunham, examines how transportation systems have long been victim to various forms of terrorist attack and exploitation. The author conducts a rough historical review of terrorist attack on transporation, examines some of the risks inherent in the system, and discusses efforts by local authorities to improve both safety and security in this sector of critical infrastructure. Article by Steve Dunham appearing in the Journal of Homeland Security, March 2002.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Mass Transit: Federal Action Could Help Transit Agencies Address Security Challenges
http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d03263.pdf
GAO-03-263 December 13, 2002
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Mass Transit Terror: Madrid & London; Is America Next?
Article by Dean C Alexander. Security. Oct 2005.Vol.42, Iss. 10; pg. 20, 2 pgs
Access restricted to MSU facuty and students or Proquest subscribers
After the London attacks, the US terror threat level for mass transit was raised from Code Yellow to Code Orange. US mass transit systems are valued in the hundreds of billions of dollars, and tallied 9 billion passenger trips in 2000. Increased security measures on some portions of European and American ground transportation were implemented shortly after the Mar 11 Madrid attacks, and London's Jul 7 incidents. Countermeasures included greater use of uniformed and undercover police, bombing-sniffing dogs, surveillance cameras, incorporating explosives and bio-chem-radiological detection equipment, spot-testing individual, inspecting trash receptacles, and requiring photo identification when purchasing selected tickets. A post-Mar 11 Department of Homeland Security measure, aims to improve security on intercity buses by taking measures to protect the driver, monitoring and commuting with buses, implementing and operating passenger and baggage screening programs, assessing critical needs and vulnerabilities, and training transportation personnel to recognize potential threats.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

National Strategy for Aviation Security
http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/nstrategy_asecurity.pdf
http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/aviation-security.html
(Last checked 04/05/07)

The National Strategy for Maritime Security
http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/4844-nsms.pdf
Describes specific threats to ocean activities, strategic security goals, and five strategic actions. Also includes eight supporting plans to address specific threats and challenges of the maritime environment. From the Office of the President.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

The ‘Oh’ Police: Transit Police and Counterterrorism"
http://www.homelandsecurity.org/newjournal/articles/ohpolice.html
Steve Dunham of ANSER explains the vital but often overlooked role of the transit police in combating terrorism, assisting other law enforcement agencies, and restoring and preserving transportation in emergencies. He provides numerous examples of the transit police’s expertise, and he notes their innovative ways of information sharing with other emergency responders, their own employees, and the patrons of the transportation system. Dunham also cites the many ways—creating coordination plans and procedures; conducting drills, simulations, and assessments; mobilizing command centers and procuring special equipment—the transit police are successful in creating a premier command structure. Article by Steve Dunham appearing in the Journal of Homeland Security, July 2002.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Operation Safe Commerce
http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/0303/032403td1.htm
The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) is reviewing applications for a pilot program that will help cargo handlers implement technologies to protect sea containers from terrorist threats, several port security experts told lawmakers recently. Transportation officials have said they expect to allocate about $28 million in grants later this year for Operation Safe Commerce (OSC), a government and industry partnership that identifies cargo "supply chain" vulnerabilities along particular trade routes. "Operation Safe Commerce is ... dedicated to finding methods and technologies to protect commercial shipments from threats of terrorist attack, illegal immigration and other contraband while minimizing the economic impact upon the vital transportation system," Asa Hutchinson, the Homeland Security Department's undersecretary for border and transportation security, said during a Senate Governmental Affairs Committee hearing last week. Article by BMolly M. Peterson, National Journal's Technology Daily, appearing in GovExec.com, March 25, 2003.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Policing Mass Transit : a comprehensive approach to designing a safe, secure, and desirable transit policing and management system (Book)

Policing Mass Transit: Serving a Unique Community
http://www.fbi.gov/publications/leb/1997/jan971.htm
An article by Kurt R. Nelson from the January 1997 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Policing Transporation Facilities (Book)

Port and Maritime Security: Background and Issues for Congress
http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/RL31733.pdf
Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service report RL31733 by John F. Frittelli, updated December 5, 2003.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Port and Maritime Security in the United States: Reactions to an Evolving Threat
http://www.cdi.org/program/issue/document.cfm?DocumentID=
334&IssueID=59&StartRow=1&ListRows=10&appendURL=&Orderby=
DateLastUpdated&ProgramID=39&issueID=59
Each day, more than 16,000 containers arrive in the United States by ship, truck, or rail, yet only 2 percent of those that come by sea are inspected. Colin Robinson, Center for Defense Information, Jan. 28, 2003.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Port and Maritime Security: Potential for Terrorist Nuclear Attack Using Oil Tankers
http://www.fas.org/irp/crs/RS21997.pdf
CRS report, Dec. 7, 2004 made available by the Federation of Atomic Scientists.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Port Security: Counterrorism Publications for Law Enforcement Officials
http://www.counterterrorismtraining.gov/pubs/port.html
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Ports Work to Shore Up Security
Article by Michael Bradford appearing in Business Insurance 36 (September 16, 2002): 10
Access restricted to MSU facuty and students or Proquest subscribers
A year after terrorists attacked from the skies, US ports are still finding their way in the effort to secure their own vast and vulnerable territory. Most have made some improvements with help from federal funds, albeit in amounts that some in the maritime industry have called inadequate. Critics of port security are blunt: The agencies in charge of security do not have the funding or personnel to protect the maritime industry, said Charming Hayden, president of the Steamship Association of Louisiana. He called the $92.3 million that the federal government granted earlier this year to improve port security a drop in the bucket. There is a $2.2 billion need just to do the minimum at the nation's ports, said Beth Rooney, manager of port security at the Port Authority of New York & New Jersey.

Preventing Mass Transit Crime (Book)

The Prospects For Improving Cargo Container Security
http://members.lycos.co.uk/ocnewsletter/SGOC0103/vorbach.pdf
This paper addresses the concerns of cargo container security and solutions to the problems posed by transnational threats to international and national security.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Protecting the Nation's Ports : Fact Sheet
http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/press_release_0378.shtm
As a member of the Department of Homeland Security, the Coast Guard continues to play an integral role in maintaining the operations of our ports and waterways by providing a secure environment in which mariners and the American people can safely go about the business of living and working freely. The Coast Guard's port security mission is not new, but it is definitely more visible today than it was prior to the tragic events of Sept. 11, 2001. Department of Homeland Security Press Release.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Public Transportation System Security and Emergency Preparedness Planning Guide
http://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov/publications/security/PlanningGuide.pdf
Transporation Security Agency publication, January 2003.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Rail and Transit Security Initiatives : Fact Sheet
http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/press_release_0376.shtm
The responsibility of securing our nation's rail and mass transit systems is a shared one. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the Department of Transportation (DOT) and other federal agencies have taken significant steps to enhance rail and transit security in the last two years in partnership with the public and private entities that own and operate the nation's transit and rail systems. Efforts the past two years have focused on greater information sharing between the industry and all levels of government, assessing vulnerabilities in the rail and transit sector to develop new security measures and plans, increasing training and public awareness campaigns and providing greater assistance and funding for rail transit activities.
Today, the Department announced additional security initiatives that aim to further reduce vulnerabilities to transit and rail systems and make commuters and transit riders more secure. Currently, the Federal government provides leadership and technical assistance to transit and rail system owners and operators. New initiatives to be undertaken will target three specific areas: threat response support capability, public awareness and participation, and future technological innovations. U.S. Department of Homeland Security Press Release.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Recommended Emergency Preparedness Guidelines for Rail Transit Systems
http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/609.html
This document contains recommended guidelines which are designed to assist rail transit systems to assess, develop, document and improve their capability for responding to emergency situations, and to coordinate these efforts with emergency response organizations in a manner which best protects the travelling public and transit system facilities and equipment. National Transportation Library.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Report on El Salvador: How Transportation Security Patterns and Trends in Central America Adversely Affect Cargo Security
http://www.cmsinc.freeservers.com/CMS_Inc_articles.html
Report by Edward V. Badolato, Chairman of the National Security Cargo Council. March 1998. Look under the topic "transportation security" for link.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Seacurity: Improving the Security of the Global Sea-Container Shipping System
http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1695/MR1695.pdf
The purpose of this document is to raise awareness concerning the current status of maritime security and its vulnerability to terrorism. The main obstacles in achieving a less vulnerable maritime system are identified. Maarten van de Voort. The RAND Corporation. Feb. 11, 2004.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Seaports Called 'Critically Vulnerable' to Terrorism
http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/0303/032003td2.htm
The nation's seaports remain "critically vulnerable" to terrorists seeking to smuggle weapons of mass destruction—or themselves—into the United States, several port security experts told a Senate panel on Thursday. "There are vulnerabilities in our sea cargo-container system that have the potential for exploitation by terrorists," Asa Hutchinson, the Homeland Security Department's undersecretary for border and transportation security, said during a Governmental Affairs Committee hearing. "In fact, most experts believe a terrorist attack using a container is likely." Capt. Jeffrey Monroe, director of ports and transportation for the city of Portland, Maine, said that although federal, state and local officials have made "great strides" in securing ports since Sept. 11, 2001, "we still must find solutions to the most serious problems on the waterfront." Those problems include a lack of coordination and procedural standards among agencies that regulate maritime commerce, and port managers' ongoing lack of access to intelligence data, according to Monroe. Article by Molly M. Peterson, National Journal's Technology Daily, appearing in GovExec.com, March 21, 2003.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Securing Intermodal Connections: Meeting the Challenges of Rail-Aviation and Passenger Facilities
http://gulliver.trb.org/publications/security/intermodal_facilities.pdf
Prepared for Facility Security: Protecting Infrastructure and Special Events.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Securing Rail Freight
http://www.homelandsecurity.org/newjournal/articles/dunham_railfreight.html
ANSER editor Steve Dunham looks at the terrorist threats to movement of freight by rail and what the railroads are doing to bolster security. Article appearing in the Journal of Homeland Security, February 2003.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Securing U.S. Ports : Fact Sheet
http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/press_release_0865.shtm
This February 2006 overview of U.S. ports includes details about the groups responsible for the ports (U.S. Customs and Board Protection, Coast Guard, terminal operator, and port authority), security measures (such as screening and inspection and the Container Security Initiative), the United Arab Emirates (UAE)/Dubai Ports World acquisition, and related topics. From the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Sky Marshall Program
http://www.cdi.org/program/issue/document.cfm?DocumentID=650&IssueID=
59&StartRow=1&ListRows=10&appendURL=&Orderby=
DateLastUpdated&ProgramID=39&issueID=59
The Federal Air Marshal program is supposed to defend against hijackings and catastrophic terrorist attacks such as those that occurred on Sept. 11, 2001. However, despite the high hopes held for the scheme, its breakneck pace of expansion continues to expose some worrying flaws. The total budget for the program increased from $1 million to $481 million in the first year and may reach $1 billion by the end of 2003, while the number of officers has grown from 32 in 2001 to nearly 4,000 today. David Savino. Center for Defense Information, Feb. 24, 2003.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Smuggling and Security in the Indochina Region
http://www.cmsinc.freeservers.com/CMS_Inc_articles.html
Report by Edward V. Badolato, President of Contingency Management Services, Inc. June 29, 2000. Look under the topic "transportation security" for link.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Surface Transportation Security: Counterrorism Publications
for Law Enforcement Officials
http://www.counterterrorismtraining.gov/pubs/surf.html
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Terror at Sea : The Maritime Threat
http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=532
Ocean-going vessels carry over 80% of global trade, including vital supplies of oil and natural gas. Despite the measures taken since 9/11, the maritime sector remains vulnerable to terrorism. Terror at Sea examines the potential for terrorism against maritime facilities and recommmends steps that can be taken to enhance the security of the maritime sector.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Terrorist Nuclear Attacks on Seaports: Threat and Response
http://www.fas.org/irp/crs/RS21293.pdf
An update of a 2002 report on the threat to seaports from a concealed nuclear device in a container ship. Jonathan Medalia, Congressional Research Service, updated Jan. 24, 2005, 6pp. Posted by the Federation of American Scientists.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Terrorist Threats Spur Security Efforts
Article by Douglas McLeod appearing in Business Insurance 36 (September 23, 2002): 3
Access limited to MSU facuty and students or Proquest subscribers
The threat of a terrorist attack using cargo containers and ports is leading government agencies and private groups to create new security procedures for shipping, several experts report. The U.S. Customs Service, U.S. Coast Guard and the International Maritime Organization are among the agencies developing programs ranging from inspecting "high-risk" containers to creating a system of security alerts and accompanying procedures for ships and ports. About 90% of the world's cargo moves by container, with 200 million containers moving between major seaports globally each year and more than 16 million arriving in the United States by ship, truck and rail, the Customs Service said. The Customs Service earlier this year launched a Container Security Initiative intended to keep out potentially dangerous cargo. Under new Customs regulations, carriers must provide U.S. Customs officials in foreign seaports with cargo manifests 24 hours before vessel loading. Ports in Canada, Singapore, Netherlands, France and Germany are among those that have agreed to participate so far.

Top 20 Security Program Action Items for Transit Agencies
http://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov/security/SecurityInitiatives/Top20/default.asp
Provides the most important elements identified by the FTA that transit agencies should incorporate into their System Security Program Plans.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Transit Police: On Foot, In Buses, On Trains, In Squad Cars
http://www.metrocouncil.org/directions/transit/transit2004/police.htm
Transit policing is “the epitome of community policing.”. - Metro Transit Police Chief Jack Nelson.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Transit Security Handbook
http://san-antonio.tamu.edu/trba5021/Documents/Transit_Security_Handbook.pdf
Contains information on FTA System Security Planning for US Systems, with an emphasis of Rail Fixed Guideway Systems. Also contains information on crime levels and patron perceptions, as well as terrorism prevention activities. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center. 1998.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Transit Security Training Tools
http://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov/Security/TrainingTools/default.asp
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Transport Systems as Terror Targets
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4659547.stm
Public transport networks in major cities are increasingly the target for terror attacks. Kathryn Westcott, BBC News Website, July 7, 2005.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Transportation Security Agenda for the 21st Century
http://gulliver.trb.org/publications/security/sflynn.pdf
Criminals plan to exploit and terrorists plot to disrupt the U.S. transportation system. Because both activities are escalating, transportation security must become a national priority, according to this author. The solution requires global initiatives that complement concerns about cost and competitiveness. Stephen E. Flynn.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Transportation Security Guidelines for the US Chemical Industry
http://www.securitymanagement.com/library/american_chemistry0102.pdf
Attention to security is a natural corollary to the chemical industry’s safety culture. Security efforts, like safety efforts, protect the community and employees while keeping the transportation of hazardous materials operational. By reducing the risk of a wide range of threats to the transportation of hazardous materials, security measures can serve to enhance the goal of the safe transportation of hazardous materials. August 2, 2002.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Transportation Security : Transportation Planning Needed to Optimize Resources
http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05357t.pdf
The General Accountability Office (GAO) has released GAO-05-357T describing DHS and TSA efforts in managing risks and allocating across aviation and surface transportation modes, and in integrating screening, credentialing, and R&D efforts to achieve efficiencies. GAO Testimony by Cathleen A. Berrick. 2005. 41pp.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Transportation System Security
http://www4.trb.org/trb/homepage.nsf/web/security
In light of the tragic events of September 11, 2001, enhancing the security of our transportation system is expected to be one of the highest priorities of transportation agencies. TRB and The National Academies have generated extensive information on this issue in recent years. This website brings together much of this information. Also included are links to other related websites that contain discussions of issues, actions which can be taken, guidance and training opportunities. This website, which is being sponsored by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) Committee on Critical Transportation Infrastructure Protection (ABE40), will continue to be updated as more information becomes available.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

U.S. Government Accountability Office
Special Collection on Airport Security
http://www.gao.gov/docsearch/featured/airptsec.html
Current provides access to 68 GAO reports on airport security.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

Visibility and vigilance : Metro's situational approach to preventing subway crime
Also available electronically
Nancy G. La Vigne. [Washington, DC] : U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, [1997]
This November 1997 NIJ Research in Brief by Nancy G. LaVigne (in Adobe Acrobat format) discusses how design, management, and maintenance efforts have contributed to low transit crime rates at Washington, DC's Metro.
Cataloged for Magic.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

White House Commission on Aviation Safety and Security
http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/212fin%7E1.html
Also known as the Gore Commission, the White House Commission on Aviation Safety and Security finished its work on February 12, 1997. Web page still available courtesy of the Federation of American Scientists.
(Last checked 04/05/07)

WWW http://www.lib.msu.edu/harris23/crimjust/

Assistance Requested Thanks for visiting The Criminal Justice Resources Home Page. This site is continuously updated and expanded, so check back soon for the latest changes. If you notice any errors on this page or want to suggest an addition, please send an e-mail to: Jon Harrison

This page has been visited times since June 1, 1996.