Criminal Justice Resources :
Human Trafficking
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Quotes
Trafficking in human beings (or human trafficking) involves the movement of people (mostly women and children) against their will by means of force for the purpose of sexual or labor exploitation. Examples include abduction for sexual and domestic service (including boys), abduction for debt release, the exchange of women for settlement of disputes, forced prostitution, and sexual exploitation of children. Visit the Trafficking in Human Beings entry from the Wikipedia for more information.
"Trafficking is a transnational criminal enterprise. It recognizes neither boundaries nor borders. Profits from trafficking feed into the coffers of organized crime. Trafficking is fueled by other criminal activities such as document fraud, money laundering and migrant smuggling. Because trafficking cases are expansive in reach, they are among the most important matters - as well as the most labor and time-intensive matters - undertaken by the Department of Justice." Remarks by Attorney General John Ashcroft, 2/25/03, posted on Trafficking in Persons Information, a web page provided by the U.S. Attorney General's Office.
"According to the Congressional Research Service (CRS) and the U.S. State Department, 700,000 to 2 million people, the majority of them women and children, are trafficked each year across international borders. Thirty-five percent are under the age of 18 ... .According to CRS, trafficking in people represents the third-largest source of profits for organized crime after drugs and guns, generating billions of dollars each year." Source: "Human Trafficking Exposed", Population Today v.30 no.1 (Jan 2002): p.1,4
The Department of Justice estimates that 17,000 people are trafficked into the United States each year and forced into labor or sex slavery for little or no pay, dehumanized and abused both mentally and physically. Worldwide, the United Nations estimates that there are between 20-27 million people who are held in slavery, by violence, against their will and for no pay. Source: National MultiCultural Institute (NMCI) Human Trafficking Search Web Portal News Release, February 13, 2006.
Testifying "before the Near Eastern and South Asian affairs subcommittee of the Foreign Relations Committee, Frank Loy, [U.S.] undersecretary of state for global affairs, said that the number of victims involved in sexual and other forms of trafficking began to grow in the early 1990s and now totals about 700,000 yearly across borders and from 1 million to 2 million overall. The combined testimony before the subcommittee suggested that the trafficking of women and children, many of whom are forced into prostitution, is a worldwide human rights problem that may involve 2 million people a year ... .The victims are primarily from Asia, Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, Latin America and Africa. An estimated 1 million children, most of them from Asia, will be victims of trafficking this year. About 500,000 Brazilian children are forced into prostitution each year. An estimated 250,000 women and children from Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union are transported per year to other countries, including the U.S. Almost 200,000 females, most under 18, from Nepal work in brothels in India." Source: "Sexual Trafficking on the Rise", Christian Century, v.117 no.13 (19 Apr 2000): p.449-450.
Humans are now the third most lucrative commodity traded illegally, after drugs and guns, international law enforcement officials estimate. Source: "Sex on the Auction Block", Detroit Free Press, Oct. 24, 2004, 4L.
Human Trafficking and Slavery. Are the world's nations doing enough to stamp it out? From the villages of Sudan to the factories, sweatshops and brothels of India and South Asia, slavery and human trafficking still flourish. Some 27 million people worldwide are held in some form of slavery, forced prostitution or bonded labor. Some humanitarian groups buy captives' freedom, but critics say that only encourages slave traders to seize more victims. Meanwhile, nearly a million people are forcibly trafficked across international borders annually and held in captivity. Even in the United States, thousands of women and children from overseas are forced to become sex workers. Congress recently strengthened the Trafficking Victims Protection Act, but critics say it is still not tough enough, and that certain U.S. allies that harbor traffickers are treated with “kid gloves” for political reasons. Article by David Masci, CQ Researcher, Vol. 14, no. 12, March 26, 2004. Note: Access restricted to MSU faculty and students and other subscribers of CQ Researcher.
Human Trafficking has even spread to Michigan. See Smugglers of Humans Sentenced to 9 Years by Barton Dieters, Grand Rapids Press, Dec. 1, 2004, via MLive. The man who police say organized an illegal alien smuggling ring that trapped two Albanian refugees in a railroad car last March in Holland (Michigan) will be spending most of the next decade in prison.... Macomb County resident Kole Vushaj pleaded guilty in June to 30 counts of alien-smuggling and other offenses, the U.S. attorney's office said.
Organizations
The Amazing Change : A Campaign To Carry On Wilberforce's Vision of Mercy and Justice
http://www.theamazingchange.com/
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Anti-Slavery International
http://www.antislavery.org/homepage/antislavery/trafficking.htm
Anti-Slavery International's Trafficking Programme comprises three elements: campaigning to end human trafficking, lobbying for victim protection, and research on measures governments take to protect victims of trafficking, especially those who act as witnesses.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Captive Daughters
http://captivedaughters.org/index.htm
Captive Daughters is committed to ending the exploitative practice of sex trafficking, with a particular focus on girls and women.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Coalition Against Trafficking in Women
http://www.catwinternational.org/
The Coalition Against Trafficking in Women (CATW) is a non-governmental organization that promotes women's human rights by working internationally to combat sexual exploitation in all its forms. Founded in 1988, CATW was the first international non-governmental organization to focus on human trafficking, especially sex trafficking of women and girls. CATW obtained Caegory II Consultative Status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council in 1989.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking
http://www.castla.org/
The Coalition to Abolish Slavery & Trafficking (CAST), established in 1998, has been a pioneer in the anti-trafficking movement in the United States and works exclusively with trafficked persons. CAST is a multi-ethnic human rights organization whose mission is to assist persons trafficked for the purpose of forced labor and slavery-like practices and to work toward ending all instances of such human rights violations. CAST has provided training and technical assistance to thousands of NGO and government personnel and represented the United States at international events on human trafficking. CAST is a grantee of the Department of Justice and the Department of Health and Human Services and, as one of the leading anti-trafficking organizations in the U.S., has extensive expertise to deliver quality training to participants.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
ECPAT International
http://www.ecpat.net/eng/index.asp
ECPAT is a network of organisations and individuals working together to eliminate the commercial sexual exploitation of children. It seeks to encourage the world community to ensure that children everywhere enjoy their fundamental rights free from all forms of commercial sexual exploitation. The ECPAT acronym stands for "End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes".
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Faith Alliance Against Slavery and Trafficking (FAAST)
http://www.faastinternational.org/
The Faith Alliance Against Slavery and Trafficking (FAAST), formed in 2003 to eliminate slavery and trafficking throughout the world. Committed to faith-based principles valuing the physical, emotional, and spiritual dignity of the whole person, the Alliance is committed to combating modern-day slavery, one of the most degrading crimes against human beings today.
Members of FAAST include Project Rescue International, The Salvation Army World Service Office, World Hope International and World Relief -- faith-based, community-oriented, and non-profit organizations.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Free a Child
http://www.freeachild.org/
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Free the Slaves
http://www.freetheslaves.net/
The oldest and largest NGO in the US dealing with human trafficking and sister-organization to the oldest human rights organization in the world, Anti-Slavery International in London.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Freedom Network (USA) To Empower Trafficked and Enslaved Persons
http://www.freedomnetworkusa.org/
Freedom Network (USA), which was established in 2001, is a coalition of 25 non-governmental organizations that provide services to, and advocate for the rights of, trafficking survivors in the United States. Since the enactment of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 (VTVPA), Freedom Network (USA) members have worked closely with trafficked persons to ensure that they receive necessary services guaranteed under the VTVPA and have also been engaged in monitoring implementation of the law.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Global Alliance Against Trafficking of Women (GAATW)
http://www.gaatw.org
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Human Rights Watch
Campaign Against the Trafficking of Women and Girls
http://www.hrw.org/about/projects/traffcamp/intro.html
(Last checked 04/30/07)
International Justice Mission (IJM)
http://www.ijm.org/
IJM exists to protect people from violent forms of injustice -- such as human trafficking -- by securing rescue and restoration for victims and accountability for perpetrators, ensuring that public justice systems work for the poor. IJM works to combat sex trafficking in India, Cambodia, Thailand and the Philippines. In the 10 years since the organization’s founding, IJM investigations have resulted in freedom for hundreds of children and women held by force in the commercial sex trade.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
International Organization for Migration
http://www.iom.int/jahia/jsp/index.jsp
Use the search engine under Publications to find reports about trafficking.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
National MultiCultural Institute (NMCI)
Human Trafficking Portal
http://www.humantraffickingsearch.net
NMCI announces that its ground breaking web portal is now multilingual and includes online videos through its Human Trafficking TV. The portal is searchable by keyword, by country, and by theme in 14 languages including Spanish, French, German, Italian and Czech. Brief videos produced by UNODC, UNICEF, IADB, WITNESS and others have also been made accessible on the site. HumanTraffickingSearch.net and its “deep search” engine provide information on such topics as: Human Trafficking, Child Labor, Forced Labor and Sex Slavery. HumanTraffickingSearch.net has over 16,000 web entries of information and resources on issues related to human trafficking and modern-day slavery from around the world. It offers a vast amount of information, updated regularly, on over 120 countries through a broad range of:
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Not For Sale : The Campaign To End Slavery in Our Lifetime
http://www.notforsalecampaign.org/
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Polaris Project
http://www.polarisproject.org/polarisproject/
A NGO focusing on US children being trafficked.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Rugmark Foundation
http://www.rugmark.org/home.php
RugMark is working to end illegal child labor in the carpet industry and to offer educational opportunities to children in South Asia.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Shared Hope International
http://www.sharedhope.org/
Shared Hope International is a 501c-3 non-profit organization which exists to rescue and restore women and children in crisis. Our founder, former Congresswoman Linda Smith, has directed the organization since it started in 1998. Shared Hope’s domestic programs are run from its west coast office headquartered in Vancouver, Washington. Our staff consists of nine full time positions, several professional volunteers and two internship programs. The international programs are administered from our east coast office in Washington D.C. We are governed by a volunteer Board of Directors and the Shared Hope International Advisory Board.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
UN GIFT : Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking
http://www.giftasia.in
Human trafficking is a booming international trade, making billions of dollars at the expense of millions of victims, many of them children, who are robbed of their dignity and freedom. Although most of us have never witnessed this crime, it happens every day all around the world. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), with financial support from the Crown Prince of the United Arab Emirates, has therefore set in motion a Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking (UN.GIFT).
(Last checked 04/30/07)
United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention
Trafficking In Human Beings
http://www.undcp.org/trafficking_human_beings.html
Trafficking in human beings is the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring, or receipt of persons, by means of force or the threat of force. It may also involve abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or the giving and receiving of payments for the purposes of sexual exploitation, forced labour, slavery-like practices, servitude or the removal of organs.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime
Trafficking in Human Beings
http://www.unodc.org/unodc/trafficking_human_beings.html
(Last checked 04/30/07)
U.S. Agency for International Development (AID)
Trafficking in Persons
http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/cross-cutting_programs/trafficking/
(Last checked 04/30/07)
U.S. Department of Justice
Trafficking in Persons and Worker Exploitation Task Force
http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/crim/tpwetf.htm
(Last checked 04/30/07)
U.S. Department of Justice
Fight Trafficking in Persons
http://www.usdoj.gov/whatwedo/whatwedo_ctip.html
(Last checked 04/30/07)
U.S. Department of State
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons
http://www.state.gov/g/tip/
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Publications
Assessment of U.S. Government Activities to Combat Trafficking in Persons
http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/crim/wetf/us_assessment_2004.pdf
U.S. Attorney General's Office, June 2004, 53pp.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Central America: Anti-Trafficking Initiatives
http://www.iom.int/documents/publication/en/tm13.pdf
Trafficking in Migrants, Quarterly Bulletin, No. 13, December 1996.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Characteristics of Chinese Human Smugglers
http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/nij/204989.pdf
Presents the findings of a study that uncovered the inner workings of Chinese human smuggling organizations by going directly to the source - the smugglers themselves. Researchers found that most human smugglers are ordinary citizens whose social networks provide the necessary connections and resources to profit from human trade. Research in Brief. August 2004. 20 pp. NCJ 204989. NIJ.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Child Trafficking in Albania
http://www.crca.org.al/National Reports/Child Trafficking in Albania - 2003.zip
(Last checked 04/30/07)
childtrafficking.com
http://www.childtrafficking.com/
Includes an extensive library of online resources.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Combatting Migrant Trafficking Through Legislation
http://www.iom.int/documents/publication/en/tm12.pdf
Trafficking in Migrants, Quarterly Bulletin, No. 12, September 1996.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Combating Trafficking in South-East Asia: A Review of Policy and Programme Responses
http://www.iom.int/documents/publication/en/mrs%5F2%5F2000.pdf
Prepared by Annuska Derks for the International Organization for Migration. 2/2000. 88pp.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Crime Assessment: Trafficking of Human Beings into the European Union
http://www.europol.eu.int/index.asp?page=publ_crimeassessmentTHB
This Crime Assessment will examine the root causes of the THB problem, the means through which the problem is generated and the potential future threat the problem poses in both generic and specific terms.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Crossing Borders Against Trafficking in Women and Girls
http://web.archive.org/web/20021213051251/
http://www.qweb.kvinnoforum.se/trafficking/index.html
Trafficking in women and girls for the purpose of sexual exploitation in the form of prostitution, pornography, escorts, and such is a growing phenomenon in Europe and throughout the world. As a result of poverty and limited work opportunities, young women from the third
world, and increasingly, from Eastern Europe, leave their countries in search of work. These women become prey to traffickers who promise such work as dancing or hostessing. Instead, these women end up living in slave-like conditions, under the full control of the profiteer/pimp. Still available thanks to the Internet Archive.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Crossing Borders :An Empirical Study of Transnational Prostitution and Trafficking in Human Beings
http://www.fafo.no/pub/rapp/426/426.pdf
"This report presents the results of a study of transnational prostitution and trafficking in women, with two main goals. The report presents an estimate of the number and nationalities of women selling sex in Oslo, based on a survey undertaken during one month in 2003. Further, the report investigates mechanisms of trafficking and exploitation in prostitution, through analysis of interviews with women focussing on life histories. A particular aim is to explore the role of enforcement, exploitation and opportunities at various stages of the process. Crossing Borders also analyses how trafficked women have found their ways out again, using own resources and skills, as well as public and private helpers to cross the borders back." A. Brunovskis, G. Tyldum. 136pp. 2004.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Eliminating Trafficking in Asian Women
http://www.alternatives.com/crime/asiawom.html
Article by Matsui Yayori.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Factbook on Global Exploitation
http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/factbook.htm
The Factbook on Global Sexual Exploitation was compiled by Donna M. Hughes, Laura Joy Sporcic, Nadine Z. Mendelsohn, Vanessa Chirgwin, Coalition Against Trafficking in Women from media, non-governmental organization and government reports in 1999. It is an initial effort to collect facts, statistics and known cases on global sexual exploitation. Information is organized into four categories: Trafficking, Prostitution, Pornography, and Organized and Institutionalized Sexual Exploitation and Violence. Sources were not contacted to verify information. This project was made possible with the support of the College of Arts and Sciences, University of Rhode Island and the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD), Norway.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Hidden Slaves: Forced Labor in the United States
http://www.hrcberkeley.org/download/hiddenslaves_report.pdf
Documents the nature and scope of forced labor in the United States from January 1998 to December 2003. Berkeley : University of California, Berkeley, Free the Slaves and Human Rights Center, September 2004.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Human Trafficking
http://usinfo.state.gov/gi/global_issues/human_trafficking.html
A web page maintained by the U.S. Department of State, International Affairs Programs.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Human Trafficking
http://italy.usembassy.gov/policy/topics/trafficking/default.asp
The United States Diplomatic Mission to Italy collects some of the latest news and reports about Human Trafficking around the world.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Human Trafficking
Look Beneath the Surface: Human Trafficking is Modern Day Slavery
http://www.acf.hhs.gov/trafficking/index.html
“We must show new energy in fighting back an old evil. Nearly two centuries after the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade, and more than a century after slavery was officially ended in its last strongholds, the trade in human beings for any purpose must not be allowed to thrive in our time." — President George W. Bush, Address to the U.N. General Assembly, September 2003.
Part of the Administration for Children and Family's Campaign To Rescue and Restore Victims of Human Trafficking. Web site provides numerous resources and links.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Human Trafficking of Children in the United States
http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/osdfs/factsheet.html
This fact sheet describes the nature and extent of such trafficking and how it affects our schools. Information and resources related to identifying victims of human trafficking are also provided.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Human Trafficking: PAIS Hot Topic (May 2004)
http://web.archive.org/web/20040621010512/
http://www.pais.org/hottopics/2004/May/index.stm
The trafficking of persons is becoming the fastest growing illicit activity in the world, annually generating $8-10 billion and moving 800,000-900,000 people across borders into exploitive or coerced labor. Men, women, and children experiencing dire political or economic instability are the most susceptible as potential victims. Many, unknowingly, enter this network of organized crime while trying to escape poverty and unemployment, or forcibly during conflict/war. Fraudulent practices, such as fake employment advertisements, that promise jobs and safe entry into another country generally lead to sexual exploitation, dangerous or hard labor, domestic servitude, and sex tourism. Children are abducted for use as soldiers, military prostitution, and work in the sex trade. Victims are either held against their will, afraid to ask authorities for help due to possible deportation, or may not be able to speak the local language when seeking help. Although trafficking is prevalent in many countries, it is particularly significant in Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, and Latin America.
Explore this site and discover citations drawn from the Public Affairs Information Service database as well as web based resources on this topic. Still available thanks to the Internet Archive.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
HumanTrafficking.org
http://www.humantrafficking.org/
(Last checked 04/30/07)
HumanTraffickingSearch.net
http://www.humantraffickingsearch.net
The National MultiCultural Institute (NMCI) has launched a new web portal that provides more than 15,000 web entries of informational resources on issues related to human trafficking and modern-day slavery from around the world. HumanTraffickingSearch.net and its "deep search" engine provide information on related topics including: Human Trafficking, Child Labor, Bonded Labor and Sex Slavery. The site offers information about more than 120 countries through a broad range of articles, research studies, congressional testimony, case studies, UNODC public service videos, a data map on child labor, and a daily news service.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Illegal Immigration and Commercial Sex : the New Slave Trade
241 page book edited by Phil Williams available in the MSU Libraries. Contents:
Human commodity trafficking: an overview / Phil Williams --
Illegal migration: personal tragedies, social problems, or national security threats? / Margaret E. Beare -- Capitalizing on transition economies: the role of the Russian mafiya in trafficking women for forced prostitution / Gillian Caldwell, Steve Galster, Jyothi Kanics and Nadia Steinzor -- Trafficking in people in Thailand / Pasuk Phongpaichit -- Organized crime and trafficking in women from Eastern Europe in the Netherlands / Gerben J. N. Bruinsma and Guus Meershoek -- Prostitution and the mafia: the involvement of organized crime in the global sex trade / Sarah Shannon -- Trafficking in women and children: a market perspective / Phil Williams -- Child pornography in the digital age / Anna Grant, Fiona David, and Peter Grabosky --
The fusion of immigration and crime in the European Union: problems of cooperation and the fight against the trafficking in women / Penelope Turnbull -- Memorandum for the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, the Administrator of the Agency for International Development, the Director of the United States Information Agency - March 11, 1998 / William J. Clinton --
October 1996 Report - presented to the UN General Assembly : note / by the Secretary-General --
World Congress Against the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children - Provisional report of the congress / General Rapporteur Professor Vitit Muntarbhorn.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
International Sexual Slavery
http://web.archive.org/web/20030619232927/
http://law.touro.edu/publications/internationallawrev/vol6/part7.html
http://www.alternatives.com/crime/part7.html
Youngik Yoon, Touro International Law Journal, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1995.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
International Trafficking in Women to the United States:
A Contemporary Manifestation of Slavery and Organized Crime
https://www.cia.gov/csi/monograph/women/trafficking.pdf
Trafficking of women and children for the sex industry and for labor is prevelant in all regions of the United States. An estimated 45,000 to 50,000 women and children are trafficked annually in the United States, primarily by small crime rings and loosely connected criminal networks. The Center for the Study of Intelligence of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) presents the full text of the November 1999 monograph entitled "International Trafficking in Women to the United States: A Contemporary Manifestation of Slavery and Organized Crime," written by Amy O'Neill Richard.
Added to Magic.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
International Trafficking in Women to the United States:
A Contemporary Manifestation of Slavery and Organized Crime
http://www.freetheslaves.net/files/01int_traffick_women.pdf
Amy O'Neill Richard. Washington, D.C. : Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1999. (70 p.) : PDF.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
International Trafficking of Women and Children: Background Briefing
http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/wrd/trafficking.htm
Testimony before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Near
Eastern and South Asian Affairs, February 22, 2000.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
The Internet and Sex Industries: Partners in Global Sexual Exploitation
http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/siii.htm
Donna M. Hughes, Technology and Society Magazine, Spring 2000
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Interpol's Trafficking in Human Beings Web Page
http://www.interpol.int/Public/THB/default.asp
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Legal Review on Trafficking in Persons in the Caribbean: The Bahamas, Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica...
long link
This review examined existing criminal provisions that constitute one or more elements of the trafficking process such as procurement, forced detention, prostitution, sexual offences, kidnapping, abduction and other offences against the person, which can then be used in combination as a "patchwork" replacement for a trafficking law. Employment law is detailed to ascertain the rights of workers, and the capacity to penalise employers for exploitative activities. Immigration laws have been assessed in order to see whether immigration officers have any legislative basis for identifying and taking action against suspected trafficking activities, and offering protection to victims. Though there are laws in all of these countries that could potentially be used to combat trafficking, there are a number of challenges that need to be addressed. Given that most of these countries are new to the issue of human trafficking, this review has looked at the need for the criminal justice system to reform and adapt to the particular needs and constraints of this phenomenon in terms of court procedures and interaction with potential victims. The small size of all of the states included in this study, and limited resources, have led them to collaborate in a number of regional initiatives, many of which are relevant to the fight against trafficking. These schemes have been assessed for best practices and overall effectiveness. IOM. 2005
(Last checked 04/30/07)
The Link Between Prostitution and Sex Trafficking
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/rls/38790.htm
The U.S. Government adopted a strong position against legalized prostitution in a December 2002 National Security Presidential Directive based on evidence that prostitution is inherently harmful and dehumanizing, and fuels trafficking in persons, a form of modern-day slavery. Prostitution and related activities—including pimping and patronizing or maintaining brothels—fuel the growth of modern-day slavery by providing a façade behind which traffickers for sexual exploitation operate. Where prostitution is legalized or tolerated, there is a greater demand for human trafficking victims and nearly always an increase in the number of women and children trafficked into commercial sex slavery. Of the estimated 600,000 to 800,000 people trafficked across international borders annually, 80 percent of victims are female, and up to 50 percent are minors. Hundreds of thousands of these women and children are used in prostitution each year. U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs. Nov. 24, 2004.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Militarism, Colonialism, and the Trafficking of Women:
"Comfort Women" Forced into Sexual Labor for Japanese Soldiers
http://web.archive.org/web/20040513024316/
http://www.globalmarch.org/child-trafficking/virtual-library/militarism_colonialism_and_the_trafficking_of_women.htm
Article by Watanabe Kazuko, Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, vol. 26, no. 4, Oct.-Dec. 1994. Still available thanks to the Internet Archive.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
More Targeted Polices Needed in the Source Areas
http://www.iom.int/documents/publication/en/tm16.pdf
Trafficking in Migrants, Quarterly Bulletin, No. 16, Sept. 1997.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
The "Natasha" Trade: The Transnational Shadow Market of Trafficking in Women
http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/natasha_trade.pdf
Donna M. Hughes, Journal of International Affairs, Spring 2000
(Last checked 04/30/07)
The Natasha Trade: Transnational Sex Trafficking
http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/natasha_nij.pdf
National Institute of Justice Journal, No. 246, January 2001
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Organized Crime and Human Trafficking in Canada: Tracing Perceptions and Discourses
Organised Crime and the Business of Migrant Trafficking: An Economic Analysis
Organized Crime Moves into Migrant Trafficking
Out of the Shadows: A Worldwide Report on the Worst Forms of Child Labour
Prostitution in Asia Increasingly Involves Prostitution
Resource List on Trafficking in Women and Children
Responses to Human Trafficking
Sex Trafficking of Women in the United States
Short Report on Trafficking in Women from Ukraine Research Project
Slavery and Trafficking
"So does it mean that we have the rights?" : Protecting the human rights of women and girls trafficked for forced prostitution in Kosovo.
Stop Child Trafficking: A Virtual Library
Stopping Traffic : Exploring the Extent of, and Responses to, Trafficking in Women for Sexual Exploitation in the UK
TIPinAsia.info
Traffickers Make Money Through Humanitarian Crises
Traffickers' New Cargo: Naive Slavic Women
Trafficking and Prostitution:
Trafficking and Prostitution: The Growing Exploitation of Migrant Women in Greece
Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation on the Internet
Trafficking from South Asia: the Key to A Dream or a Nightmare?
Trafficking Gets High Level Attention
Trafficking in Children: Exploitation Across Borders
Trafficking in Children: Prevention Before Victimization
Trafficking in Children: West and Central Africa
Trafficking in Migrants As It Affects Panama
Trafficking in Migrants Bulletin, No. 28, Dec. 2003
Trafficking in Migrants Bulletin, No. 27, June 2003
Trafficking in Migrants Quarterly Bulletin, No. 26, September 2002
Trafficking in Migrants Quarterly Bulletin, No. 24, Winter 2001
Trafficking in Migrants Quarterly Bulletin, No. 23, April 2001
Trafficking in Migrants Quarterly Bulletin, No. 22, Autumn 2000
Trafficking in Migrants Quarterly Bulletin, No. 21, Summer 2000
Trafficking in Migrants Quarterly Bulletin, No. 20, December 1999/January 2000
Trafficking in Migrants Quarterly Bulletin, No. 19, July 1999
Trafficking in Migrants Quarterly Bulletin, No. 18., June 1998
Trafficking in Migrants Quarterly Bulletin, No. 17, December 1997 / January 1998
Trafficking in Migrants Quarterly Bulletin, No. 16, September 1997
Trafficking in Migrants Quarterly Bulletin, No. 15, June 1997
Trafficking in Migrants Quarterly Bulletin, No 13, March 97
Trafficking in Migrants Quarterly Bulletin, No. 13, December 1996
Trafficking in Migrants Quarterly Bulletin, No. 12, September 1996
Trafficking in Migrants Quarterly Bulletin, No 11, June 1996
Trafficking in Migrants Quarterly Bulletin, No. 10, March 1996
Trafficking in Persons
Trafficking in Persons
Trafficking in Persons : A Guide for Non-Governmental Organizations, 2001
Trafficking in Persons : Global Patterns (2006)
Trafficking in Persons : In the Spotlight
Trafficking in Persons Report, 2001
Trafficking in Persons Report, 2002
Trafficking in Persons Report, 2003
Trafficking in Persons Report, 2004
Trafficking in Persons Report, 2005
Trafficking in Persons Report, 2006
Trafficking in Persons Report, 2007
Trafficking in the Russian Federation
Trafficking in Women and Children:
Trafficking in Women from the Dominican Republic for sexual exploitation
Trafficking in Women from the Ukraine
Trafficking in Women to Austria for Sexual Exploitation
Trafficking in Women to Italy for Sexual Exploitation
Trafficking of Human Beings in the European Union: a Europol perspective, May 2007
Trafficking of NIS Women Abroad
Trafficking of Women and Children for Sexual Exploitation in the EU: The Involvement of Western Balkans Organised Crime, July 2007
Trafficking of Women and Children from the Republic of Armenia: A Study
U.S. Agents Crack West Coast Human Smuggling, Trafficking Ring
Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000:
"Welcome to the Rape Camp" : Sexual Exploitation and the Internet in Cambodia
What We Do : Fight Trafficking in Persons
Women's Human Rights Resources: Slavery and Trafficking
Phone: 1-800-500-1554 and 1-517-355-2345. 100 Library, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
Email us: comments@mail.lib.msu.edu © 2006 Michigan State University Board of Trustees.
MSU is an affirmative-action, equal-opportunity employer. Michigan State University Acceptable Use Policy of Computing & Digital Networks
http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ccaps/orgcrime_human_e.htm
Christine Bruckert Ph.D., Department of Criminology, University of Ottawa and Colette Parent, Ph. D., Department of Criminology, University of Ottawa; coparent@uottawa.ca
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.aic.gov.au/conferences/occasional/schloenhardt.html
Andreas Schloenhardt, Australian Institute of Criminology, November 10, 1999.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.iom.int/documents/publication/en/tm11.pdf
Trafficking in Migrants, Quarterly Bulletin, no. 11, June 1996.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://web.archive.org/web/20041010152251/http://www.globalmarch.org/worstformsreport/index.html
Enter a world of horror and despair. Caught in a nightmare that never seems to end, millions of children endure the worst forms of child labour. Child Slavery. Child Prostitution. Child Trafficking. Child Soldiers. Source: Global March Against Child Labour. Provides statistics, country by country. Still available thanks to the Internet Archive.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.iom.int/documents/publication/en/tm15.pdf
Trafficking in Migrants, Quarterly Bulletin, No. 15. June 1997.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
long link
Molly Reilly and Vidya Samarasinghe, Women in Development Technical Assistance project report bibliography, July 1999. Still available thanks to the Internet Archive.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itgic/0603/ijge/ijge0603.htm
Global Issues: An Electronic Journal of the U.S. Department of State, Volume 8, Number 2, June 2003.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
International and Domestic Trends
http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/sex_traff_us.pdf
Janice G. Raymond, Donna M. Hughes, and Carol Gomez. Coalition Against Trafficking in Women. March 2001.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/international/programs/flowtoukr.html
Donna M. Hughes, Professor and Carlson Endowed Chair in Women’s Studies,
University of Rhode Island, USA. August 2001.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://eir.library.utoronto.ca/whrr/display_annotation.cfm?ID=24&sister=utl
While the sexual exploitation of women and girls is certainly not a new phenomenon, the world is witnessing a rise in the slavery and trafficking of women and girls. This increasing commodification of women and young girls is the result of their deepening poverty and deprivation. Women's Human Rights Resources.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://web.amnesty.org/aidoc/aidoc_pdf.nsf/Index/EUR700102004ENGLISH/$File/EUR7001004.pdf
60 p. "Since the deployment in July 1999 of an international peacekeeping force (KFOR) and the establishment of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) civilian administration, Kosovo has become a major destination country for women and girls trafficked into forced prostitution. Women are trafficked into Kosovo predominantly from Moldova, Bulgaria and Ukraine, the majority of them via Serbia. At the same time, increasing numbers of local women and girls are being internally trafficked, and trafficked out of Kosovo." Amnesty International, 2004, 60pp.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://web.archive.org/web/20041026120206/http://www.globalmarch.org/child-trafficking/virtual-library/
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/prgpdfs/fprs125.pdf
Prepared by Liz Kelly and Linda Regan for the Home Office, Policing and Reducing Crime Unit, 2000. 62pp. Police research series paper no. 125. Still available thanks to the Internet Archive.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.tipinasia.info/
"TIPinAsia.info provides quick links to country-specific information on trafficking in persons in multiple languages, as well as anti-trafficking news and information about individual countries. You may access this information by simply clicking on a country name or a national flag." This is actually a group of three portals -- for Cambodia, Thailand, and East Timor. Each offers news, conference notices, a discussion forum and case studies. You'll find links to directories of aid providers, laws and relevant documents. It's still a resource under development, so some areas are more content-rich than others. Some RSS feeds are available. Information is available both in English and in native languages. The Asia Foundation says in a press release that "Content in local language from seven additional countries will be added this year."
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.iom.int/documents/publication/en/tm_19.pdf
Trafficking in Migrants, Quarterly Bulletin, No. 19. July 1999.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://web.archive.org/web/20040513024938/
http://www.globalmarch.org/child-trafficking/virtual-library/traffickers_new_cargo_naive_slavic_women.htm
Michael Specter, New York Times. Still available thanks to the Internet Archive.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
The Growing Exploitation of Migrant Women from Central and Eastern Europe
http://web.archive.org/web/20040513024746/
http://www.globalmarch.org/child-trafficking/virtual-library/traff_women_eng.htm
Prepared by the International Organization for Migration. May 1995.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://ejw.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/8/1/67
This article concentrates on the rapid growth of trafficking in women from Eastern and Central Europe who end up working in the sex industry in Athens. Such movement of people is constituted around global networks of female labour. The social processes and mechanisms that produce and reproduce the somatic and social exploitation of female migrants caught in the web of the sex industry are analysed. These processes are responsible for a continuation and accentuation of women's loss of power to represent their interests, to seek viable economic alternatives. The living and working spaces of these women rest upon their isolation and individuation and total control of their everyday activities. Ethnicity, age and racialized exclusions all intersect with sexist relations and practices within Greek society and the ethnic communities under study. The interplay of these processes operates differently within different ethnic groups of women to produce different outcomes.
Gabriella Lazaridis, European Journal of Women's Studies, Vol. 8, No. 1, 67-102 (2001). Access restricted to subscribers such as MSU students.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://web.archive.org/web/20011029221049/
http://www.feminista.com/v1n8/hughes.html
This article explores the dangers of trafficking and sexual exploitation on the Internet. Different types of sexual exploitation are listed and described: bride trafficking, sex tours, promotion and exchange of information (i.e. where to buy a prostitute), and live conferencing. This article shows how new technology, such as the Internet, is used as a means of promoting global trafficking and sexual exploitation against women.Article by Donna M. Hughes, The Coalition Against Trafficking in Women, appearing in Feminsta! Online Journal of Feminist Construction no. 8, vol. 1. Still available thanks to the Internet Archive.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.iom.int/documents/publication/en/tm14.pdf
Trafficking in Migrants, Quarterly Bulletin, No. 13, March 1997.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.iom.int/documents/publication/en/tm18.pdf
Trafficking in Migrants, Quarterly Bulletin, No. 18, June 1998.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.iom.int/documents/publication/en/tm10.pdf
Trafficking in Migrants, Quarterly Bulletin, No. 10, March 1996.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.iom.int/documents/publication/en/tm17.pdf
Trafficking in Migrants, Quarterly Bulletin, No. 17, Dec. 1997/Jan.
1998.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/archive/traffick/
This pamphlet is intended to raise public awareness and encourage the prevention of child trafficking in Africa. It emphasizes the need for community action to combat trafficking at the local level and advises on ways in which communities, non-governmental organizations, and governments can work together to abolish this practice. Although this pamphlet is focused on West and Central Africa, the problem is one that is found worldwide. The pamphlet includes some real-life stories of victims from West and Central Africa, an examination of why child trafficking occurs, and discussion of actions being taken to focus attention on the problem and on the importance of keeping children in school to broaden their opportunities in life. U.S. Department of State International Information Programs, December 2002.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://web.archive.org/web/20040913080840/
http://www.globalmarch.org/child-trafficking/virtual-library/trafficking_migrants_panama/trafficking_panama.htm
This study was prepared by the Government of Panama with the cooperation of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the financial support of the Government of Canada. 1996.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.old.iom.int/documents/publication/en/tm28.pdf
Trafficking and smuggling protocols enter into force. International Organization for Migrants.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.iom.int/documents/publication/en/tm27.pdf
Trafficking in Germany. International Organization for Migrants.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.iom.int/documents/publication/en/tb26.pdf
Special Issue for the European Conference on Preventing and Fighting Trafficking in Human Beings Brussels, 18-20 September 2002. International Organization for Migrants.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.iom.int/documents/publication/en/tm%5F24.pdf
There are Ways to Curb the Worldwide Traffic in Migrants. International Organization for Migrants.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.iom.int/documents/publication/en/tm%5F23.pdf
New IOM Figures on the Global Scale of Trafficking. International Organization for Migrants.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.iom.int/documents/publication/en/tm%5F22.pdf
Focus on the Balkans. International Organization for Migrants.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.iom.int/documents/publication/en/tm%5F21.pdf
There Are Ways To Curb the Worldwide Traffic in Migrants
. International Organization for Migrants.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.iom.int/documents/publication/en/tm%5F20.pdf
Information Campaigns Against Trafficking. International Organization for Migrants.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.iom.int/documents/publication/en/tm%5F19.pdf
Traffickers Make Money Through Humanitarian Crises. International Organization for Migrants.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.iom.int/documents/publication/en/tm18.pdf
Trafficking Gets High Level Attention. International Organization for Migrants.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.iom.int/documents/publication/en/tm17.pdf
Trafficking in Children: Prevention Before Victimization. International Organization for Migrants.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.iom.int/documents/publication/en/tm16.pdf
More Targeted Policies Needed in the Source Areas. International Organization for Migrants.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.iom.int/documents/publication/en/tm15.pdf
Prostitution in Asia Increasingly Involves Trafficking. International Organization for Migrants.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.iom.int/documents/publication/en/tm14.pdf
Note: Should have been labeled No. 14.
Trafficking from South Asia: The Key to a Dream or a Nightmare? International Organization for Migrants.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.iom.int/documents/publication/en/tm13.pdf
Central America: Anti-Trafficking Initiatives. International Organization for Migrants.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.iom.int/documents/publication/en/tm12.pdf
Combating Migrant Trafficking Through Legislation. International Organization for Migrants.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.iom.int/documents/publication/en/tm11.pdf
Organized Crime Moves into Migrant Trafficking. International Organization for Migrants.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.iom.int/documents/publication/en/tm10.pdf
Trafficking in Children: Exploitation Across Borders. International Organization for Migrants.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.ojp.gov/ovc/publications/infores/tip.htm
Office for the Victims of Crime.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://vatican.usembassy.gov/policy/topics/trafficking/
Courtesy of the U.S. Embassy to the Holy See.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.dol.gov/wb/media/reports/trafficking.htm
Trafficking in persons - also known as "human trafficking" - is a form of modern-day slavery. Traffickers often prey on individuals who are poor, frequently unemployed or underemployed, and who may lack access to social safety nets, predominantly women and children in certain countries. Victims are often lured with false promises of good jobs and better lives, and then forced to work under brutal and inhuman conditions. A report by the U.S. Women's Bureau.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/trafficking_persons_report_2006-04.html
"The fact that slavery - in the form of human trafficking - still exists in the 21st century shames us all. Governments, international organizations and civil society are devoting considerable efforts to counter it, but there is still an information deficit about the extent of this tragedy. Only by understanding its depth, breadth and scope can we design policies to fight it. This understanding still eludes us: efforts to counter trafficking have so far been uncoordinated and inefficient. This Report by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime is our first attempt to close the knowledge gap." April 2006.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.ncjrs.gov/spotlight/trafficking/Summary.html
This Spotlight provides links to publications, statistics, legislation, training opportunities, and other resources on topics such as sex trafficking, forced labor, and child sex tourism. (NCJRS)
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2001/
This first annual report (2001) covers events through April 15, 2001. "Trafficking in persons is a fundamental and crucially important challenge in the areas of human rights and law enforcement. Based on reliable estimates, as the Congress has noted, at least 700,000 persons, especially women and children, are trafficked each year across international borders. Some observers estimate that the number may be significantly higher. Victims are forced to toil in sweatshops, construction sites, brothels, and fields. Deprived of the enjoyment of their human rights, many victims are subjected to threats against their person and family, violence, horrific living conditions, and dangerous workplaces. Some victims have answered advertisements believing that they will have a good job awaiting them in a new country. Others have been sold into this modern-day form of slavery by a relative, acquaintance, or family friend. Trafficking occurs across borders and within countries. It is found in both developed and developing nations, in countries where the government abuses human rights, and in countries where the government's human
rights record is generally excellent." U.S. Department of State, July 2001.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2002/
This is the second annual Trafficking in Persons Report report to Congress, as required by the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, on the status of severe forms of trafficking in persons worldwide. Through this annual report, the United States seeks to bring international attention to the horrific practice of trafficking in persons. This report is a diplomatic tool for the U.S. Government in combating trafficking in persons, serving as an instrument for continued dialogue, and a means to encourage increased prosecution, protection, and prevention programs. After the release of this report, the Department will continue to engage in discussions with governments to help strengthen cooperative efforts to eradicate trafficking. The Department will use the information gained during the report compilation to target assistance programs more effectively. Hopefully, the report will be a catalyst for governmental efforts to combat
trafficking in persons around the world, so that this degrading practice is eventually eliminated.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2003/
The Annual Trafficking in Persons Report is about modern day slavery and slave trading....The President, members of Congress, and I share a commitment to end modern day slavery. This report is an important diplomatic tool towards that goal. The report details international and U.S. efforts to end trafficking in persons, to protect and help victims, and prosecute those who treat people like commodities or keep them in slave-like conditions. The report emphasizes the human side of trafficking through victim stories and highlights innovative measures some countries are using to prevent trafficking in persons, prosecute those who traffic in human misery, and protect those most vulnerable to this transnational crime....I hope that this report will be informative and lead countries to strengthen their efforts to combat trafficking in persons. All of us can and must do better in this struggle for human liberty and dignity." -- Secretary of State Colin L. Powell. Additional Background Information.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2004/
The 4th annual report from the State Department on coercive movement of men, women, and children for slave labor, prostitution, soldiering, and related activities. Also cites those countries most at fault in permitting such crimes.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2005/
The 150-country report is the most comprehensive worldwide report on the efforts of governments to combat severe forms of trafficking in persons, or modern-day slavery. Its findings will raise global awareness and spur countries to take effective actions to counter trafficking in persons.
(Last checked 09/08/05)
http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2006/index.htm
The sixth annual report on the modern day slave trade which ensnares 800,000 people. Arranges countries into three tiers depending on their degree of complicity in trafficking. Country reports describe what efforts have been made by each country to prosecute traffickers, protect victims, and prevent further occurrences. From the U.S. State Department.
(Last checked 07/07/06)
http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2007/index.htm
(Last checked 07/07/06)
http://www.miramedinstitute.org/traffic.htm
Sponsored by the Miramed Institute.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
The U.S. and International Response
http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/31990.pdf
This report provides information on the scope and causes of the trafficking in humans world-wide, the response of the United States and the international community, and recent congressional actions aimed at stemming trafficking. The report summarizes key issues involved in the debate over how to best address the problem. A Congressional Research Service report by Francis T. Miko, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division. CRS Report RL30545. Updated March 26, 2004. 21p.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://web.archive.org/web/20040513024646/
http://www.globalmarch.org/child-trafficking/virtual-library/dominica_traff_eng.htm
Based on interviews with twelve women. Prepared by the International Organization for Migration (IOM). June 1996. 10pp. Still available thanks to the Internet Archive.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/nij/grants/203275.pdf
Donna M. Hughes, University of Rhode Island. 2003. 89pp. Copyright request 2191.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://web.archive.org/web/20040513024848/
http://www.globalmarch.org/child-trafficking/virtual-library/austria_traff_eng.htm
This study describes how women are trafficked to Austria from Central and Eastern European Countries. It also examines legal issues related to both prostitution and trafficking in Austria, and highlights the need for a coordinated strategy to combat illegal trade of women in a country where prostitution is a legal and taxable source of income. June 1996. Still available thanks to the Internet Archive.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://web.archive.org/web/20040513024614/
http://www.globalmarch.org/child-trafficking/virtual-library/italy_traff_eng.htm
This study examines the growing problem of trafficking in women to Italy. Based on interviews with victims of trafficking and with experts and social workers, the study describes the ways in which these women are recruited and transported to Italy, and the methods which are used to control and exploit them, as well as the role played by traffickers. Prepared by the International Organization for Migration. June 1996. 29pp. Still available thanks to the Internet Archive.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.europol.europa.eu/publications/Serious_Crime_Overviews/THB_FactSheet2007.pdf
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.ilhr.org/ilhr/reports/traffic/report.html
An International Conference in Moscow 3-5 November 1997 Conference Report prepared by the Global Survival Network in collaboration with The International League for Human Rights.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.europol.europa.eu/publications/Serious_Crime_Overviews/Western_Balkans_THB_Threat_Assessment.PDF
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.iom.int//DOCUMENTS/PUBLICATION/EN/Armenia_traff_report.pdf
Trafficking in human beings has become a global problem and a number of developing and transition countries are affected as countries of origin. Unfortunately, Armenia is not an exception. Based on a shared concern and priority to sotp the violation of fundamental rights of women, children and migrants, the missions of IOM, OSCE and UNICEF in Armenia have combined their efforts, in cooperation with the Government of Armenia, to address the issue of trafficking in human beings. Internationally, all three organizations have been in the forefront in raising awareness of the issue and ways to tackle it. One of IOM's six migration management service areas is dedicated to counter-trafficking; its projects in the sector cover several countries.International
Organization for Migration, September 2001. 71pp.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
U.S. Department of State International Information Programs News Release, July 1, 2005.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Trafficking in Persons Report
http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2002/
"Over the past year, at least 700,000, and possibly as many as four million men women and children worldwide were bought, sold, transported and held against their will in slave-like conditions. In this modern form of slavery, known as "trafficking in persons," traffickers use threats, intimidation and violence to force victims to engage in sex acts or to labor under conditions comparable to slavery for the traffickers’ financial gain. Women, children and men are trafficked into the international sex trade for the purposes of prostitution, sex tourism and other commercial sexual services and into forced labor situations in sweatshops, construction sites and agricultural settings. The practice may take other forms as well, including the abduction of children and their conscription into government forces or rebel armies, the sale of women and children into domestic servitude, and the use of children as street beggars and camel jockeys."
This is the second annual Trafficking in Persons Report report to Congress, as required by the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, on the status of severe forms of trafficking in persons worldwide. Through this annual report, the United States seeks to bring international attention to the horrific practice of trafficking in persons. This report is a diplomatic tool for the U.S. Government in combating trafficking in persons, serving as an instrument for continued dialogue, and a means to encourage increased prosecution, protection, and prevention programs.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/rapecamp.htm
Donna M. Hughes, Journal of Sexual Aggression, 2000
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://www.usdoj.gov/whatwedo/whatwedo_ctip.html
Trafficking in persons — also known as "human trafficking" — is a form of modern-day slavery. Traffickers often prey on individuals who are poor, frequently unemployed or underemployed, and who may lack access to social safety nets, predominantly women and children in certain countries. Victims are often lured with false promises of good jobs and better lives, and then forced to work under brutal and inhuman conditions.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
http://link.library.utoronto.ca/whrr/display_annotation.cfm?ID=24&sister=utl
While the sexual exploitation of women and girls is certainly not a new phenomenon, the world is witnessing a rise in the slavery and trafficking of women and girls. This increasing commodification of women and young girls is the result of their deepening poverty and deprivation. This section of the site contains materials that define the problem as well as those that identify the relevant international prohibitions against slavery and trafficking. A compilation by the University of Toronto, Bora Laskin Law Library.
(Last checked 04/30/07)
Jon Harrison
times since June 1, 1996.