Criminal Justice Resources :
White Collar Crime and Fraud
White Collar Crime entry from Wikipedia.
White Collar Crime via the Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment, Vol. 1, 2002.
Includes commentary on a variety of topics such as:
Healthcare Fraud,
Government Fraud,
Financial Institution Fraud,
Frank W. Abagnale,
Telemarketing Fraud,
Insurance Fraud,
Bankruptcy Fraud,
Securities Fraud,
Securities Regulation, and
Corporate Fraud.
Thousands of white-collar criminals across the country are no longer being prosecuted in federal court and, in many cases, not at all, leaving a trail of frustrated victims and potentially billions of dollars in fraud and theft losses. It’s the untold story of the Bush administration’s massive restructuring of the FBI after the terror attacks of 9/11.” Source : Paul Shukovsky, Tracy Johnson and Daniel Lathrop, "Post-9/11 FBI has little time for fraud; Restructuring to fight terror leaves fewer agents for domestic crimes and rights abuses", Houston Chronicle, April 11, 2007.
Fraud is the crime or offense of deliberately deceiving another in order to damage them -- usually, to obtain property or services from him unjustly. Fraud can be committed through many methods, including mail, wire, phone, and the Internet. Visit the Fraud entry from Wikipedia for more information.
Participants in the 2006 Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE) Report to the Nation on Occupational Fraud and Abuse survey estimated that 5 percent of annual revenues was lost due to fraud. Applying this 5 percent to the estimated 2006 U.S. Gross Domestic Product would translate to approximately $652 billion in fraud losses. Other findings include:
- Fraud is difficult to detect. The median length of fraud schemes was 18 months from the time the fraud began until the time it was detected.
- The most common tool for detecting occupational fraud in all cases is a tip from an employee, customer, vendor or an anonymous source. The importance of encouraging tips is evidenced by the cases involving losses of $1 million or more. Tips uncovered 44 percent of the million-dollar frauds in this study, which was more than twice the rate of detection by internal audits and three times the rate of detection by external audits. Tipsters are often best positioned to witness violations, questionable ethical standards or other indicators. After tips, the next most frequent detection of fraud was by accident.
- For small businesses, the most common way of detecting occupational fraud was by accident. That is, 36.3 percent of small business cases were discovered by accident versus 25.5 percent for all cases combined. The percentage of fraud detected by tips was 32.2 percent for small businesses and 34.2 percent for all cases.
- One reason small businesses suffer such high fraud losses is that they generally do a poor job of proactively detecting fraud. Less than 10 percent of small businesses have internal audit departments, conduct surprise audits or conduct fraud training for their employees and managers.
- Small businesses suffer disproportionate fraud losses. Based on number of employees, the median loss for small organizations (fewer than 100 employees) was $190,000. This is higher than the median loss of $150,000 for the largest organizations. The most common frauds in small businesses involve employees fraudulently writing company checks, skimming revenues and processing fraudulent invoices.
- The size of the loss caused by occupational fraud is closely related to the position of the perpetrator. Because fraud is a "crime of opportunity," the well-educated, senior executives commit the most costly frauds. These employees tend to have higher ranks, which correspond to control over greater amounts of assets. Frauds committed by owners or executives caused a median loss of $1 million. This is nearly five times more than the median loss caused by managers, and almost 13 times as large as the median loss caused by employees.
The Dirty Little Secret of Store Returns : Don't be surprised if you try to return something to your favorite store and the cashier politely says, "Return declined!" If you hear those words, you'll know you're on the store's electronic blacklist. You may have loved the way those pants looked in the store, but once you got home, you realized they just didn't fit. You may be stuck. The newest retail trend is to use special electronic systems to track the number of times and the dates specific customers make a return or exchange, as well as the dollar value of those items, and then determine based on that information if the customer is allowed to make another return.
Retailers who use the system, which currently includes KB Toys, Express clothing stores, and Sports Authority among others, say it will not only catch shoplifters, but also nab those who "wardrobe"--buy something, wear it once or twice, and then return it for a full refund. The stores have a name for excessive returns: fraud. And fraud is a major drain on business. In 2003, retailers lost nearly $30 billion to various types of fraud; about half of this may be related to bad returns, according to Richard Hollinger, a professor of criminology at the University of Florida in Gainesville. Source: Washington Post, Nov. 7, 2004.
AICPA Antifraud & Corporate Responsibility Resource Center
http://www.aicpa.org/antifraud/
Some of the biggest challenges facing business today are re-establishing confidence among investors, promoting ethics and integrity in the workplace, and establishing clarity in reporting procedures. This resource center will give you the tools and information you need to combat fraud — whatever your role in the business community.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Australian Institute of Criminology
Fraud Surveys and Reports
http://www.aic.gov.au/research/fraud/surveys.html
Provides links to a number of international, region, and country specific reports on the extent of fraud.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
CBS MarketWatch Corporate Scandal Sheet
http://cbs.marketwatch.com/news/features/scandal_sheet.asp?siteid=mktw&dist=nwtsite
Since Enron collapsed last November in a spectacular maze of debt and deception, corporate America has been rocked again and again by scandals in the boardroom. Amid investigations by state and federal regulators, CBS MarketWatch introduces its corporate scandal sheet, a detailed report on who is being probed, who is being charged, whose conduct is being questioned, and why.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Coalition Against Insurance Fraud
http://www.insurancefraud.org/index.html
The United States' only anti-fraud watchdog that speaks for consumers, insurance companies, legislators, regulators and others.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Coalition Against Insurance Fraud
Insurance Fraud Hall of Shame
http://insurancefraud.org/hallofshame/allhonorees.html
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Commodity Futures Trading Commission
http://www.cftc.gov/cftc/cftchome.htm
The agency protects market participants against manipulation, abusive trade practices and fraud.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Communications Fraud Control Association
http://www.cfca.org/index.html
CFCA is a not-for-profit global educational association working to help combat communications fraud.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Corporate Crime Reporter
http://www.corporatecrimereporter.com/
Provides highlights from a legal newsletter.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Crimes of Persuasion: Schemes, Scams, Frauds
http://www.crimes-of-persuasion.com/
"In-depth fraud coverage" of crimes based on conning people, such as pyramid schemes, bank fraud, Internet fraud, phone scams, chain letters, computer fraud, credit card fraud, money laundering, and telemarketing fraud.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Executive Fraud Blog Launched
http://www.executivefraud.com/
(Last checked 02/12/07)
Financial Scandals
http://www.ex.ac.uk/~RDavies/arian/scandals/
Roy Davies, a librarian at University of Exeter, United Kingdom, has put together an impressive collection of links relating to financial scandals. The links are divided into Classic Financial Scandals, Political Corruption, Organized Crime (Mafia and Yakuza), Money Laundering, and Regulatory Organizations. Recent scandals such as BCCI, Barings, Sumitomo and Bre-X are covered. Source: Scout Report for Business and Economics, February 26, 1998.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
The Fraud Bureau
http://www.fraudbureau.com/
The Fraud Bureau was established to alert online consumers and investors of prior complaints relating to online vendors and to provide consumers, investors and users with information and news on how to safely surf, shop and invest on the net.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Fraud, Inc.
http://money.cnn.com/news/specials/corruption/
Fraud, Inc. is on the CNN Money website. With regard to the recent national corporate scandals, it provides brief abstract type information on those “busted”, cases settled, those under investigation, CEOs in trouble, and the investigators. It also provides links to the latest few days stories relating to the scandals and the SEC. There are also links to related stories on Fortune.com. Source: Law Resource Exchange, Nov. 18, 2002.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Internet ScamBusters Ezine
http://www.scambusters.org/
A free electronic newsletter (zine) to help you protect yourself from Internet scams, misinformation and hype. Web site has information on how to subscribe as well as selections from back issues.
Also listed under Cybercrime.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
IRS Tax Fraud Alerts
http://www.irs.gov/compliance/enforcement/article/0,,id=121259,00.html
"If it sounds too good to be true, it probably is!" Seek expert advice before you subscribe to any scheme that offers instant wealth or exemption from your obligation as a United States Citizen to pay taxes. Buying into a tax evasion scheme can be very costly. From the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Criminal Investigation unit.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
National Fraud Information Center
Internet Fraud Watch Site
http://www.fraud.org/
Created by the National Consumers League to counter telemarketing and Internet fraud, the National Fraud Information Center (NFIC) web site offers tips for consumers to avoid common telemarketing and Internet fraud. The site also provides a list of the most popular telemarketing scams. There is also a special section with tips to help the elderly avoid fraud. At the site, visitors may submit questions and report suspected cases of fraud.
Also listed under Cybercrime.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
National White Collar Crime Center
http://www.nw3c.org/
The National White Collar Crime Center (NW3C) provides support services to state and
local law enforcement for the prevention, investigation, and prosecution of high-tech and
economic crime.
Also listed under Cybercrime.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Nigeria: the 419 Coalition Site
http://home.rica.net/alphae/419coal/
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Pyramid Scheme Alert
http://www.pyramidschemealert.org/
The first international organization to expose, study and prevent illegal pyramid schemes.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Quatloos!: Scams and Frauds Exposed
http://www.quatloos.com/
"This website seeks to educate you about certain types of financial frauds, how these deals really work, and how you can manage your risk of financial fraud." Banking, insurance, tax, and off-shore, and multi-level marketing scams are discussed. The Cyber-Museum has documents related to tax protester cases, the Nigerian Scam, and the Omega Trust and Trading bank debenture scam. There is also information on how to report suspected frauds. Source: Librarians' Index to the Internet.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Economic Crime Branch
Frauds Scams Alerts
http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/scams/scams_e.htm
A web site to increase public awareness of current schemes, scams and criminal activity. Provides brief crime prevention information about current trends in criminal behaviour in a number of
important areas, including:
(Last checked 04/25/07)
White-Collar Crime: an Overview (Cornell University, Summer 2002)
http://www.law.cornell.edu/topics/white_collar.html
Cornell's Legal Information Institute has compiled this new resource with legal
resources regarding white collar crime.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
1996 Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE) Report to the Nation
http://www.acfe.com/documents/Report_to_the_Nation.pdf
(Last checked 04/25/07)
2002 Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE) Report to the Nation
http://www.your-call.com.au/information/documents/CFE2002.pdf
Over half of the fraud in the survey produced losses in excess of $100,000 & one in six caused losses in excess of $1 million. The average loss in small companies costs $127,500. Average fraud operated for 18 months before detection. Most common method for detection "occupational" fraud was a tip from an employee, a customer, vendor or anonymous source. Fraud was detected by tips 41.1% of the time. Internal audit was the second most common method of detecting fraud at 18.6.% of the time.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
2004 Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE) Report to the Nation on Occupational Fraud and Abuse
http://www.your-call.com.au/information/documents/CFE2004.pdf
This study covers 508 cases of occupational fraud totaling over $761 million in losses. All information was provided by the Certified Fraud Examiners (CFEs) who investigated these cases. Occupational frauds in our study were much more likely to be detected by a tip than through other means such as internal audits, external audits, and internal controls. Among frauds committed by owners and executives, which tend to be the most costly, over half of all cases were identified by a tip.
Confidential reporting mechanisms reduce fraud losses significantly. The median loss among organizations that had anonymous reporting mechanisms was $56,500. In organizations that did not have established reporting procedures, the median loss was more than twice as high. While Sarbanes-Oxley only requires publicly traded companies to establish confidential reporting mechanisms for employees, our data strongly suggests that these programs should also embrace third-party sources such as customers and vendors. Among cases that were detected by a tip, 60% of the tips came from employees, 20% of the tips came from customers, 16% came from vendors, and 13% came from anonymous sources.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
2006 Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE) Report to the Nation on Occupational Fraud and Abuse
http://www.your-call.com.au/information/documents/ACFE2006.pdf
This study is based on data compiled from 1,134 cases of occupational fraud that were investigated between January 2004 and January 2006. Information from each case was reported by a Certified Fraud Examiner who investigated the case. It found again that the most common method of fraud detection was by a tip. There were 479 organizations that had fraud hotlines or other anonymous reporting mechanisms at the time the frauds occurred, compared to 581 that did not. Organizations with hotlines had a median loss of $100,000 per scheme and detected their frauds within 15 months of inception. By contrast, organizations without hotlines suffered twice the median loss — $200,000 — and took 24 months to detect their frauds.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Beanie Baby Scams and Identity Thefts
http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/09/biztech/technology/22coop.html
There is a very large body of legitimate business and electronic commerce activity on the internet, but the web also is a location where one can easily fall victim to fraud and scams. A New York Times article discusses a number of swindling activities that are marketed either through websites or email messages. Online article by Michael Cooper from the September 22, 1999 issue of New York Times.
Also listed under Identity Theft.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Best Practices for Seizing Electronic Evidence
http://www.secretservice.gov/electronic_evidence.shtml
As computers and related storage and communication devices proliferate in our society, so does the use of those devices in conducting criminal activities. Technology is employed by criminals as a means of communication, a tool for theft and extortion, and a repository to hide incriminating evidence or contraband materials. Law enforcement officers must possess up-to-date knowledge and equipment to effectively investigate today's criminal activity. The law enforcement community is challenged by the task of identifying, investigating and prosecuting individuals and organizations that use these and other emerging technologies to support their illicit operations.
Also listed under Cybercrime.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Best Practices in Fraud Prevention
http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/tandi/tandi100.html
Strategies and programs which have been devised to prevent criminal fraud perpetrated against both individuals and organisations are considered. The paper examines eight areas: fraud awareness and education; management of fraud control; personnel monitoring; transaction monitoring; improvements in personal identification; counterfeiting prevention; computer systems monitoring; and legally based deterrence. Russell G. Smity, Australian Institute of Criminology, Dec. 1998.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Business Fraud a Growing Issue
http://fleetowner.com/news/fleet_business_fraud_growing/index.html
Business fraud in the United States, including accounting abuses, embezzlement, and false disability claims, is having a huge impact on the nation's economy, according to several sources.
The Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE) estimates that this year some 6% of total U.S. business revenues will be lost as a result of occupational fraud and abuse. When applied to the U.S. Gross Domestic Product, that translates into approximately $600 billion in losses annually, or $4,500 per employee, the group said. Article by Sean Kilcarr, Fleet Owner, July 10, 2002.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Check and Card Fraud
http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/mime/open.pdf?Item=965
This document describes the problem of check and card fraud, and reviews factors that increase the risk of it. While there are some obvious differences between check and card fraud, the limitations and opportunities for fraud and its prevention and control by local police are similar enought to warrant addressing them together. Some cards, such as debt cards, are used and processed in a similar way to checks, and electronic checks are processed in a similar way to cards, so that traditional distinction between cards and checks is eroding.... Graeme R. Newman. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2003. 80pp.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Computer Forensics & Electronic Discovery:
The Corporate Security Guide for Recovering Electronic Digital Evidence
http://web.archive.org/web/20031207085958/
http://www.ci-pinkerton.com/news/pdf/Pinkerton+-+Computer+Forensics+WP.pdf
The recovery of digital data is increasingly becoming more critical to corporations in the prosecution of corporate fraud, investigating the theft of trade secrets, monitoring illegal and insider trading, combating the improper solicitation of employees, as well as in more traditional matters such as employment law litigation.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Consumer Fraud in the United States : An FTC Survey
http://www.ftc.gov/reports/consumerfraud/040805confraudrpt.pdf
A snap-shot of fraud in the U.S. based on a survey of 2,500 randomly selected adults who were interviewed about their consumer experiences during the previous year. The survey targeted 10 specific types of consumer fraud. From the Federal Trade Commission. August 2004, 170pp.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Corporate Crime Acts Like a Thief in the Night
http://www.commondreams.org/views03/1104-04.htm
The FBI last week released its annual "Crime in the United States" report, a useful but grizzly compendium of all the murders and thefts and rapes across the country and their costs. The report is designed to empower law enforcement professionals and the public by helping them better understand and respond to criminal trends.
Conspicuously absent from this report, however, was an assessment of corporate crime. The report contains no statistics on the accounting and securities frauds that have rocked the economy in the last two years. It does not list details on the litany of food safety violations, product safety violations, workplace safety violations, environmental pollution and countless other crimes that kill, injure and sicken millions of Americans each year.
The reason is simple but troubling. Under federal law, the FBI must collect data on eight crime indexes: murder and manslaughter; forcible rape; robbery; aggravated assault; burglary; larceny-theft; motor vehicle theft; and arson. It also is required to produce a report on hate crimes.
But because the FBI lacks a congressional mandate to collect data on corporate crime, the American public lacks good information on what has become a pressing national problem — a corporate crime wave. The dangerous consequence is that the absence of data ignores the problem of suite crime while stirring up fear about street crime.
Article by Lee Drutman, Los Angeles Times, November 4, 2003
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Den of Thieves
Book by Stewart, James Brewer available in the Gast Business Library (HG4910 .S683 1991) and many other libraries
The explosive #1 bestseller from the Pulitzer Prize-winning Front Page Editor of The Wall Street Journal that blows the lid off insider trading. With all the elements of a miniseries, Den of Thieves reveals how SEC agents and detectives caught the biggest crooks Wall Street has ever seen.
Ernst & Young Global Fraud Survey 2003 (8th)
http://www.your-call.com.au/information/documents/EY8thGlobalSurvey2003.pdf
85% of all fraud committed internally or by those on the payroll. Notification by employees next most effective detection tool to internal controls.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Ernst & Young Global Fraud Survey 2006 (9th)
Also known as Fraud Risk in Emerging Markets
The 2006 Ernst & Young global fraud survey found that 90 per cent of companies believed their controls were tough enough to prevent and detect fraud. But less than half — just over 40 per cent — had a formal or documented anti-fraud policy.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
FBI Financial Crimes Report to the Public
http://www.fbi.gov/publications/financial/fcs_report052005/fcs_report052005.htm
Healthcare fraud is nothing new, but it is evolving. More cases involve medical professionals harming patients in furtherance of their schemes. Healthcare fraud schemes now involve unnecessary surgeries, weakened cancer drugs, and bogus lab tests. Also covers corporate fraud, mortgage fraud, identity theft, insurance fraud, telemarketing fraud, and asset forfeiture/money laundering.
(Last checked 09/15/05)
Fighting Corporate and Government Wrongdoing:
A Research Guide to International and U.S. Federal Laws on White-Collar Crime and Corruption
http://www.llrx.com/features/whitecollarcrime.htm
Kumar Percy of U TX has created this guide which focuses on major sources of information about white-collar crimes and anti-corruption efforts. It includes online and print sources. Source: LLRX.com, Aug. 15, 2002.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Financial Crimes Against the Elderly
http://www.popcenter.org/Problems/problem-financial_crimes.htm
http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/mime/open.pdf?Item=963
This guide addresses the problem of financial crimes against the elderly. It begins by describing the problem and reviewing risk factors. It then identifies a series of questions to help you analyze your local problem. Finally, it reviews responses to the problem and describes the conditions under which they are most effective.
Financial crimes against the elderly fall under two general categories: fraud committed by strangers, and financial exploitation by relatives and caregivers. These categories sometimes overlap in terms of target selection and the means used to commit the crime. However, the differences in the offender-victim relationships suggest different methods for analyzing and responding to the problem. Courtesy of Kelly Dedel Johnson from the Center for Problem-Oriented Policing.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Financial Institutions Fraud and Failure Report, 2003
http://www.fbi.gov/publications/financial/2003fif/fif03.pdf
Courtesy of the FBI, Financial Institutions Fraud Unit, Financial Crimes Section.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Financial Institutions Fraud and Failure Report, 2002
http://www.fbi.gov/publications/financial/2002fif/fif02.pdf
Courtesy of the FBI, Financial Institutions Fraud Unit, Financial Crimes Section.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Financial Institutions Fraud and Failure Report, 2000 and 2001
http://www.fbi.gov/publications/financial/2000-01fif.pdf
Courtesy of the FBI, Financial Institutions Fraud Unit, Financial Crimes Section.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Global Economic Crime Survey, 2005
Country Supplements, 2005
Global Economic Crime Survey, 2003 also available.
The page also provides access to reports organized by region and country. Based on over 3600 interviews in 50 countries, the PricewaterhouseCoopers global economic crime survey 2005 (in association with Wilmer, Cutler & Pickering) is one of the most comprehensive assessments of the effect of economic crime on business ever undertaken.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Going, Going, Gone...
Law Enforcement Efforts to Combat Internet Auction Fraud
http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/reports/int-auction.htm
Describes the FTC efforts to combat fraud in Internet auction sales. The FTC and partner enforcement officials have been able to track complaints about Internet auction fraud, which have escalated from approximately 100 in 1997 to over 10,000 in 1999.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Hearing on Financial Instruments Fraud
http://www.senate.gov/~banking/97_09hrg/091697/witness/brown.htm
A hearing held by the U.S. Congress, Senate ,Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, Subcommittee on Financial Services and Technology, September 16,1997.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Internet Fraud
see Cybercrime
KPMG Fraud Survey (for Australia and New Zealand), 2002
http://aic.gov.au/stats/crime/fraud/kpmg_ausnz_2002.pdf
(Last checked 04/25/07)
KPMG Fraud Survey, 2003
http://www.us.kpmg.com/about/press.asp?cid=1496
http://www.us.kpmg.com/RutUS_prod/Documents/9/FINALFraudSur.pdf
Spurred by new government regulations and investors' demands, more companies today are working to uncover fraud, finding it, and taking action against those who commit fraud, according to a new KPMG LLP survey of executives at 459 U.S. public companies and state and federal government agencies. The KPMG survey shows 75 percent of respondents reporting that they have uncovered fraud in their organizations in the last year, compared with 62 percent of executives responding to a similar survey in 1998.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
KPMG Fraud Survey, 2004
http://www.kpmg.com.sg/publications/forensics_FraudSurvey2004.pdf
(Last checked 04/25/07)
KPMG Fraud Survey (for Australia and New Zealand), 2004
http://www.kpmg.com.au/aci/docs/Fraud-Survey-2004.pdf
(Last checked 04/25/07)
KPMG Fraud Survey (for Australia and New Zealand), 2006
http://www.kpmg.com.au/Portals/0/FraudSurvey%2006%20WP(web).pdf
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Nigerian Advanced Fee Fraud
http://www.state.gov/www/regions/africa/naffpub.pdf
A lengthy explanation of the "Nigerian 419 scam," named after a section of Nigerian penal law. Also known as "AFF," this confidence scheme includes money transfers, black market arrangements, and extortion. This 1997 report from the U.S. State Department (as a 33-page PDF document, it may take some time to load) provides examples of materials used in the scam and explains how it works and the connections between AFF and kidnapping, drug trafficking, and murder.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Nigerian E-Mail Scam
http://www.michigan.gov/minewswire/0,1607,7-136-3452-47397--M_2002_8,00.html
The Michigan Office of Financial and Insurance Services (OFIS) recently received an email supposedly from Nigeria soliciting assistance for depositing money and offering payment for that assistance. We didn’t fall for it and neither should you.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Nigerian 4-1-9 Scam
http://www.quatloos.com/scams/nigerian.htm
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Nigerian Scam : FTC Alert
http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/conline/pubs/alerts/nigeralrt.shtm
Nigerian advance-fee fraud has been around for decades, but now seems to have reached epidemic proportions: Some consumers have told the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) they are receiving dozens of offers a day from supposed Nigerians politely promising big profits in exchange for help moving large sums of money out of their country. And apparently, many compassionate consumers are continuing to fall for the convincing sob stories, the unfailingly polite language, and the unequivocal promises of money. These advance-fee solicitations are scams. And according to the FTC, the scam artists are playing each and every consumer for a fool.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Online Extortion Plot Results in Release of Credit Card Data
http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/01/biztech/articles/10hack.html
Article by John Markoff appearing in the January 10, 2000 New York Times, page 1.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Online Fraud Growing in Scale, Sophistication
http://itmanagement.earthweb.com/ecom/article.php/1552921
Fraud will cost online retailers about $500 million during this holiday season, according to a new study out by industry analyst giant Gartner, Inc. Fraud is growing not only in scale but in sophistication. The Gartner report points out that fraud has become more frequent, menacing and sophisticated. Despite increased efforts to allay the problem, 7% online shoppers reported being the victim of credit card fraud in the preceding 12 months, according to a Gartner survey of 1,000 adult online consumers. That represents a jump of two percentage points from 2001. Article by Sharon Gaudin, Datamation, December 5, 2002.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
PricewaterhouseCoopers Global Economic Crime Survey 2005
http://www.pwc.com/extweb/insights.nsf/docid/D1A0A606149F2806852570C0006716C0
PricewaterhouseCoopers' third biennial Economic crime survey is based on interviews with more than 3,600 senior executives in 34 countries, and reveals their experiences with fraud, its causes and losses, their responses and recovery actions and the effectiveness of fraud prevention measures.
Key findings:
- 45% of companies reported falling victim to fraud in the past two years
- On average they recorded suffering an average of 8 serious incidents
- Since 2003 there has been: a 71% increase in the number of companies reporting cases of corruption & bribery; a 133% increase in the number reporting money laundering; and a 140% increase in the number reporting financial misrepresentation
- Fraud that led to a loss of assets cost companies—on average—over US$ 1.7 million: a 50% increase over 2003 40% of suffered significant loss of reputation, decreased staff motivation, and damaged business relations
- Over one third of these frauds were discovered by accident, making "chance" the most common fraud detection tool.
PricewaterhouseCoopers Global Economic Crime Survey 2003
http://www.acfe.com/documents/2003_PwC_CrimeReport.pdf
(Last checked 04/25/07)
The Problem of Check and Card Fraud
http://www.popcenter.org/Problems/problem-check-card-fraud.htm
This guide describes the problem of check and card fraud, and reviews factors that increase the risks of it. It then identifies a series of questions to help you analyze your local problem. Finally, it reviews responses to the problem, and what is known about them from evaluative research and police practice. Courtesy of Graeme R. Newman from the Center for Problem-Oriented Policing.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Public Corruption in the United States
http://www.corporatecrimereporter.com/corruptreport.pdf
Includes a table ranking the 50 states according to their corruption rate. Courtesy of the Corporate Crime Reporter.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Report to the Nation: Occupation Fraud and Abuse
http://www.acfe.com/fraud/report.asp
Occupational fraud and abuse is a widespread problem that affects every entity, regardless of size, location or industry. The ACFE has made it a goal to better educate the public and anti-fraud professionals about this threat.
In 1996, the Association of Certfied Fraud Examiners (ACFE) published its first Report to the Nation on Occupational Fraud and Abuse, also known as The Wells Report. It was the largest privately-funded study on the subject of occupational fraud and abuse in the U.S. Since the ACFE have also released a 2002, 2004, and 2006 reports. All three have been cataloged for Magic, our online catalog.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Rip-off Alert: Beat the Cheats
http://www.aarpmagazine.org/money/Articles/a2004-06-28-mag-ripoff.html
Whether it's car salesmen or doctors, identity thieves or home repairmen, airlines or Internet auctioneers, somewhere along the line someone's going to try to take you to the cleaners. How do you stop them? Protect yourself—and your wallet—by heeding the following inside tips from some of America's top consumer guardians. Sid Kirchheimer, AARP : the Magazine, July & August 2004.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Special Report on "Phishing"
http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/fraud/Phishing.pdf
During 2003 and 2004, law enforcement authorities, businesses, and internet users have seen a significant increase in the use of "phishing". "Phishing" is a general term for criminals' creation and use of e-mails and websites -- designed to look like e-mails and websites of well-known legitimate businesses, financial institutions, and government agencies -- in order to deceive internet users into disclosing their bank and financial account information or other personal data such as usernames and passwords. The "phishers" then take that information and use it for criminal purposes, such as identity theft and fraud.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Swindlers, Hucksters, and Snake Oil Salesmen
Hype and Hope Marketing Anti-Aging Products to Seniors
http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=107_senate_hearings&docid=f:76011.pdf
Senate hearing 107-190, Sept. 10. 2001. 320pp. Also available via the MSU Library Online Catalog.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Telemarketing Fraud Investigation, Prosecution and Prevention Manual:
The Experience of Five Demonstration Sites
http://www.ndaa-apri.org/pdf/telemarketing_fraud_web.pdf
Congress has estimated that telemarketing fraud is a $40 billion a year “industry.” Even worse, fraudulent telemarketers often prey upon those least able to recover, older Americans.
Sean P. Morgan. American Prosecutors Research Institute. July 2003, 72pp.
Copyright #2026
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Telemarketing Fraud Educators Toolbox Available
http://www.fraud.org/toolbox/members.htm
BJA is pleased to announce the availability of a new resource on telemarketing fraud. The Telemarketing Fraud Educators Toolbox provides tips, presentations, scripts for radio PSAs and speeches, and much more. Materials are available in both English and Spanish. (BJA)
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Top 100 Corporate Criminals of the 1990s
http://www.corporatecrimereporter.com/top100.html
Report by Russell Mokhiber, Corporate Crime Reporter.
(Last checked 04/25/07)
Twenty Things You Should Know About Corporate Crime
http://www.corporatecrimereporter.com/twenty061207.htm
Source : 21 Corporate Crime Reporter 25, June 12, 2007
(Last checked 04/25/07)
For more information about swinders and swindling, See the MSU Libraries Online Catalog.
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