Criminal Justice Resources :
Corrections
"The number of Americans locked up has quadrupled in the last 25 years to almost 2 million, as states used longer sentences to get tough on crime. In Michigan, the prison population has increased almost five times since 1975 to nearly 50,000 ... .Nationwide, an increasing number of released inmates--two of three in 1994--committed another serious crime within three years. In Michigan, of the 7,701 inmates paroled in 1995, 40 percent returned within four years for either a parole violation or new sentence. That's up from 26 percent of the inmates paroled in 1991." Source: Detroit Free Press (10 Jun 2002): p.8 secA.
In 1972, there were about 200,000 felons incarcerated in U.S. prisons; by 2003, that number had grown to 1.2 million. When combined with jail populations, today there are more than 2 million people incarcerated on any given day. About 600,000 adults enter prison each year, and there are upwards of 9 million jail admissions annually (some individuals account for multiple entries). When probation and parole caseloads are included, about 4% of the adult population is under some form of state penal control today. At no time in history has there been such a long-term, sustained reliance upon growing the mechanisms of formal social control in any society: democratic, capitalist, or otherwise." Source: Todd Clear, Harvard University Talk, September 2, 2003.
"The average cost to keep one person incarcerated for a year in 1992 was about $25,000, and the average cost to keep one person on probation for a year was $5,000. When we multiply by the number of people under each form of corrections, the total costs are about $47 billion per year. Add to that the costs of law enforcement and the total climbs to about $71 billion a year. And this does not include the costs of courts and prosecution, nor the costs of building prisons and jails...." Source: U.S. Criminal Justice Interest Groups : Institutional Profiles. Westport, Ct. : Greenwood Press, 1993.
"The direct costs of incarceration range from about a thousand dollars a month for a minimim security, dormatory-style lock-up with no siginficant counseling, to about three thousand dollars monthly for a high security suicide-watch, and the indirect costs to the community are even higher. When the person who is imprisoned needs mental health services, add about $50 per hour to these costs up to $100 thousand per year. On average, it would be much cheaper to give a person a year in college than a year in a juvenile hall, jail, or prison." Source: Friends Committee on Legislation Education Fund Alternatives to Imprisonment
“For the vast majority of inmates prison is a temporary, not a final, destination. The experiences inmates have in prison — whether violent or redemptive — do not stay within prison walls, but spill over into the rest of society. Federal, state, and local governments must address the problems faced by their respective institutions and develop tangible and attainable solutions.” Senator Tom Coburn, M.D. (R-OK), Chair of the U.S. Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Corrections and Rehabilitation. Source: Commission on Safety and Abuse in America's Prisons.
360degrees.org
Perspectives on the American Criminal System
http://www.360degrees.org/
Web Documentary Slams Home Reality of Prisons. The title "360degrees" reflects both the structure and theme of this Web documentary, which was designed to offer multiple perspectives on criminal justice. Just as the camera appears to pan around each room, so the commentary also shows every side—criminal, victim, prosecutor, defense attorney, families, scholars, and criminal historians. The idea, say Alison Cornyn and Sue Johnson of Picture Projects, is to inspire dialogue—and to instigate change. Be sure to check out the timeline (601 to present) exploring the creation of prisons as know them today and suggestions for integrating this site into academic curriculums.
Also listed under Criminal Justice Resources -- History
(Last checked 11/16/07)
About.Com Crime/Punishment Page
http://crime.about.com/library/weekly/aa3strikes.htm
Three-strikes is a provision of some criminal statutes which mandates life imprisonment for criminals convicted of three violent felonies or serious drug offenses.
Also listed under Sentencing.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
About.Com Prison and Parole System Resources
http://crime.about.com/od/prison/
(last checked 11/16/07)
ACLU and Prisons
http://www.aclu.org/Prisons/PrisonsMain.cfm
Over the past 30 years, prison has occupied an increasingly dominant role in American crime policy. The burgeoning U.S. prison population that now tops 2 million arose from decades of policies that toughened sentencing laws and emphasized an American war on drugs.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Addressing Correctional Officer Stress: Programs and Strategies
http://www.ncjrs.org/txtfiles1/nij/183474.txt
http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/nij/183474.pdf
Stress among correctional officers is widespread, according to both research and anecdotal evidence. Correctional officers live with the threat of violence and actual violence committed by inmates, as well as inmate demands and manipulation. These factors, combined with understaffing, extensive overtime, rotating shift work, low pay, poor public image, problems with coworkers, can impair officers' health, impair family life, and cause officers to burn out or retire early.
This publication is designed to help correctional administrators develop an effective program to
prevent and treat officer stress. Seven diverse case studies showcase effective approaches that administrators can consider adapting. Topics discussed in this NIJ Issues and Practices report
include options for staffing a stress program, ideas for gaining officers' trust in the program, and sources of help to implement or improve a stress program. Monitoring techniques, evaluation, and funding are also addressed. Feb. 2001.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
After Prison: Roadblocks to Reentry
http://www.lac.org/lac/upload/lacreport/LAC_PrintReport.pdf
This report, a summary of the findings of an exhaustive two-year study by U.S. Justice Fund grantee Legal Action Center (LAC), reveals the legal obstacles that people with criminal records face when they attempt to reenter society and become productive, law-abiding citizens. The report finds that people with criminal records seeking reentry face a daunting array of counterproductive, debilitating and unreasonable roadblocks in almost every important aspect of life. Paul Samuels and Debbie Mukamal, Legal Action Center, 2004. 26pp. #1902.
Also listed in our online catalog.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Aging Behind Bars: Three Strikes Seven Years Later
http://www.sentencingproject.org/pdfs/9087.pdf
Ryan S. King and Marc Mauer. Sentencing Project. 2001.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Alcatraz Island: Golden Gate National Recreation Area
http://www.nps.gov/alcatraz/
Although primarily a National Park Service web page, it does include information on the history of Alcatraz as a federal penitentiary. Note: temporarily unavailable.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Alcatraz: The Warden Johnston Years
http://www.notfrisco2.com/alcatraz/
Created by Joel Gazis-Sax, this site offers a great deal for anyone interested in the history of "the Rock." The core of the site is an annotated General Chronology of the early years of the prison, 1933-48. The chronology offers numerous links to short pieces on famous prisoners or contemporary articles and documents. Users can also view a Master List of Prisoners which features a search engine and a separate category of particularly notorious inmates. Anyone with a scholarly interest in the history of Alcatraz will appreciate the guide to archives and collections of related material and the annotated bibliography. Other features include a chronology of escape attempts and a photo gallery.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Attica Correctional Facility
http://www.atticacsd.org/hs/library/Prison/prison/history.html
Includes description of the Attica Riot of 1971 which left 42 people dead.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Bearing the Burden: How Incarceration Weakens Inner-City Communities
http://www.doc.state.ok.us/offenders/ocjrc/96/Bearing%20the%20Burden.pdf
The majority of prison inmates come from and return to disadvantaged, minority communities. This paper explored how high rates of incarceration might weaken already fragile inner-city neighborhoods. At low levels, the experience of incarceration was largely an individual and family matter. However, at high levels of incarceration, communities must support increasing numbers of economically and socially impaired men, women, and children. That burden might exacerbate existing strains within the community, such as unemployment and crime. Ways to measure the discrete effects of incarceration on community destabilization are discussed near the end of the paper. Article by Joan Moore, Ph.D., University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Behind Bars: Substance Abuse and America's Prison Population
http://www.casacolumbia.org/supportcasa/item.asp?cID=12&PID=108
This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of drug and alcohol abuse on the nation's prison and jail population. This three-year study uses data from national inmate surveys, surveys of corrections officials and prosecutors, economic and census data and a review of the research literature. The report includes analyses of the relationship between substance abuse, crime and the prison population; inmate characteristics; the impact of substance abuse on women inmates; HIV/AIDS among inmates; the economic and social costs of inmate substance involvement; the availability and effectiveness of treatment and other rehabilitative services; new innovations to reduce the impact of substance abuse; and key recommendations for improving the criminal justice system's response to drug- and alcohol-related crime and substance-involved inmates. National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Behind the Wire
http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=229
In jails and prisons around the country, allegations of racist and sometimes violent guards are plaguing the corrections industry. In at least six States, corrections guards have appeared in mock Klan attire in recent years, and guards have been accused of race-based threats, beatings, and even shootings in 10 States. In addition, suits have been filed in at least 13 States by black guards, alleging racist harassment or violence from their own colleagues. Uncounted settlements have been reached in civil cases filed by guards or inmates where damages are sealed by court order. Faced always with the constant threat of violence, the vast majority of guards control inmates while avoiding retaliation; however, there are those who become involved in the battles they see around them, and some wage brutal offensives of their own. Some guards delegate to selected inmates responsibility for inflicting violence on inmates who act out against or disobey guards; however, in other cases "guard gangs" organize around themes of physical strength and a shared animosity toward prisoners. Some of this problem can be attributed to the increasing number of prisons being built in rural, largely white areas of the country. Many sent to these prisons are black and Latino, and the employees are mostly white. Consequently, the guard-inmate interactions are often fraught with tensions and a clash of cultural values. This article provides anecdotal evidence of guard misconduct against inmates while acknowledging that data on the prevalence of this problem is absent. The article emphasizes that the bulk of corrections officials are "far from being white supremacists." Intelligence Report, Fall 2000, Issue 100, pages: 24 to 29. Note: you will have to click on the link for Intelligence Reports and then follow the menu to pull up the Fall 2000 issue to find this article and others.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Beyond the Prison Gates
http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/310583_Beyond_prison_gates.pdf
Parole has undergone significant changes over the past generation. Far fewer prisoners are released by parole boards. Far more released prisoners are supervised after they leave prison. The number of parole revocations has increased dramatically. Yet these national trends mask substantial variations at the state level. Some states have abolished parole boards. Some have increased, others have decreased, the use of parole supervision. In some states, parole violators constitute more than one half of their prison admissions. These profound shifts at the national and state level raise basic questions about the role of parole in American sentencing policy. Jeremy Travis and Sarah Lawrence, Urban Institute, November 05, 2002.
Also listed in our online catalog.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Beyond the Walls: Improving Conditions of Confinement for Youth in Custody
http://www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org/pubs/walls/contents.html
January 1998.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Bibliography on Correctional Privatization
http://web.archive.org/web/20020604000745/
http://web.crim.ufl.edu/pcp/research/bib.html
Charles W. Thomas, University of Florida, Center for Studies in Criminology and Law, January 24, 2000. Still available thanks to the Internet Archive.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Big Prisons, Small Towns:
Prison Economics in Rural America
http://www.sentencingproject.org/pdfs/9037.pdf
Ryan S. King, Marc Mauer and Tracy Huling. Sentencing Project.
Also listed in our library catalog.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Bigotry Behind Bars: Racist Groups in U.S. Prisons
http://www.adl.org/special_reports/racist_groups_in_prisons/prisons_intro.asp
Driven by a belief in their superiority, white supremacist prison gangs contribute to increased racial tensions and violence in American penitentiaries. Not only do their activities undermine prison security, but their extreme rhetoric and animosity toward other races often stay with gang members long after their release. Prison officials estimate that up to 10 percent of the nation's prison population is affiliated with gangs. Anti-Defamation League, 2001.
Also listed in our library catalog.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Biometrics in Corrections
http://www.nlectc.org/pdffiles/tbfall2000.pdf
This booklet examines the extent to which prisons are employing the science of using a particular biological aspect of the human body to recognize a person for security, attendance or any other identification purpose. Using such technology enables corrections departments to monitor and control prisoner and employee location or access.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Black Muslims Create 'Explosive Mix' in Terror War, Says Author
http://www.cnsnews.com/ViewNation.asp?
Page=%5CNation%5Carchive%5C200211%5CNAT20021114a.html
A burgeoning black Muslim movement in America includes many who converted to the religion while behind bars and who are ready-made terrorists as soon as they leave prison, according to several Islamic and terrorism experts who spoke with CNSNews.com.
Islamic expert Daniel Pipes believes "it's indisputable" that many prisoners who convert to Islam are being indoctrinated in anti-Americanism. Source: Marc Morano, CNSNews.com Senior Staff Writer, November 14, 2002.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Boot Camp Drug Treatment and Aftercare Interventions: An Evaluation Review
http://web.archive.org/web/20011127184341/
www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles/btcamp.pdf
July 1995. Still available thanks to the Internet Archives.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Boot Camps : A Growing Menace to African American Males
http://web.archive.org/web/20041012041028/
http://www.pressroom.com/~afrimale/bootcamp.htm
African American Male Research, September/October 1996, Volume 1, Number 1.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Boot Camps: A Select Bibliography
http://www.criminology.utoronto.ca/library/bootcamp.htm
A compilation by the University of Toronto Centre of Criminology Library. March 10, 2003.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Boot Camps and Prison Overcrowding
http://web.archive.org/web/20021221181527/
http://ericcass.uncg.edu/virtuallib/bootcamp/1002.html
Prison boot camps reduce crowding only under a limited set of difficult-to-achieve conditions. Population simulations suggest that to reduce prison crowding boot camps must recruit offenders who otherwise would be imprisoned, offer big reductions in prison terms for completing a boot camp, minimize washout and return-to-prison rates, and operate on a large scale. Few boot camps meet these conditions. Many limit eligibility to nonviolent first offenders, select offenders who otherwise would receive probation, and intensively supervise graduates, thus increasing return-to-prison rates for technical violations. In most jurisdictions, boot camps appear more likely to increase correctional populations and costs rather than reduce them. These findings have important implications for how those programs should be designed and operated. If boot camps are intended to reduce prison populations, they should have a large capacity; they should select participants from among offenders already committed for relatively long prison terms; and they should implement policies to minimize in-program and postrelease failures. Dale G. Parent. February 1996. Still available thanks to the Internet Archive.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Boot Camps for Juvenile Offenders
http://www.ncjrs.org/txtfiles/164258.txt
http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles/164258.pdf
In April 1992, experimental boot camps for juvenile offenders were established in Cleveland, Ohio; Denver, Colorado; and Mobile, Alabama to serve each of these jurisdictions. In the summer of 1995, Caliber Associates submitted interim reports on the impact of each boot camp. The cross-site summary report presented here combines and emphasizes the critical findings of the evaluation across the three demonstration sites. September 1997. 60 pp.
Also listed in our library catalog.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Boot Camps for Troubled Teens
http://www.boot-camp-boot-camps.com
Boot Camps is a site dedicated to help troubled teens, provide information to parents with troubled teens on juvenile boot camps for troubled teens, and juvenile boot camp alternatives.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Boot Camps: Mixed Reviews
http://web.archive.org/web/20040331101541/http://www.kci.org/PDFs/bootcamp.pdf
Prepared by the Koch Crime Commission, November 1995. Still available thanks to the Internet Archives.
Also listed in our catalog.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
A Brief History of Privately Managed Secure Correctional Facilities
http://web.archive.org/web/20011024074952/http://crxs.com/history.html
A short article by Correctional Services, Inc.. Still available courtesy of the Internet Archive.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Broken Windows Probation : The Next Step in Fighting Crime
http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/cr_7.htm
The authors, twelve leading probation officials from across the country and MI Senior Fellow John DiIulio, offer a damning critique of how probation is currently practiced, along with a multi-step reform program that will make our neighborhoods safer and save lives. The authors and the Institute will continue to promote this model in the coming year by assisting probation departments implementing the report’s recommendations. Civic Report no.7 sponsored by the Manhattan Institute.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Building Culture Strategically: A Team Approach for Corrections
http://nicic.org/Library/021749
Presents a model designed to produce higher quality work, build collaboration and interdependence, create safer and more secure environments, and, ultimately, help correctional facilities move strategically toward a more positive culture that will improve the quality of life for both staff and offenders. Not available from NCJRS. Carol Flaherty-Zonis Associates (Scottsdale, AZ). National Institute of Corrections (Washington, DC). (ACCN 021749, 269 pp.) (NIC)
(Last checked 11/16/07)
California's Parole Experiment
http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/CA_parole_exp.pdf
Over the past 25 years, the per capita rate of incarceration in America has increased four-fold. More than 2 million individuals are now locked up in prison or jail. The increase has taken on a unique twist in California, particularly in regard to its parole policy. Unlike many other states, nearly every prisoner released in California is placed on parole, and studies indicate the state has an especially tough policy on parole violators. As a result, California is now the national leader in returning parolees to prison and its return rate has increased 30 times between 1980 and 2000. Jeremy Travis and Sarah Lawrence, Urban Institute, August 01, 2002.
[Copyright: California Journal, August 2002.]
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Can Prisons Rehabilitate Criminals?
Campus Access
Off-Campus Access for MSU Students : Type in title in quick search box.
For most of the 20th century, society put more emphasis on rehabilitating criminals than on punishing them. But in the mid-1970s, with mounting public concern about the threat of crime and growing skepticism about the effectiveness of rehabilitation, Americans began to focus on two other purposes of prison—retribution and public safety. Now, however, prisons have become severely overcrowded, and policy makers are taking another look at rehabilitation and alternative corrections programs. Sarah Glazer, Editorial Research Reports via CQ Researcher Archive, August 4, 1989.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Cellblocks or Classrooms:
http://www.justicepolicy.org/images/upload/02-09_REP_CellblocksClassrooms_BB-AC.pdf
http://web.archive.org/web/20070315205444/http://justicepolicy.org/downloads/coc.pdf
The funding of higher education and corrections and its impact on African American men. Provides state by state fiscal analysis of corrections and higher education spending over the last 15 years. Justice Policy Institute. 2002.
Also cataloged and listed in Magic, our online catalog.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice (CJCJ)
http://www.cjcj.org/
The Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice (CJCJ) is a private non-profit organization with a mission to reduce reliance on incarceration as a solution to social problems. Established in 1985 as the Western Regional Office of the National Center on Institutions and Alternatives (NCIA), CJCJ maintains a professional staff with diverse backgrounds and expertise in the various components of criminal justice with its senior staff members possessing over fifteen years experience in the justice field. Headquartered in San Francisco, CJCJ provides direct services, technical assistance and policy research in the criminal justice field. The Center includes offices in Oakland, California, The District of Columbia, Baltimore, Maryland and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Includes links to online publications about juvenile justice, adult corrections, sentencing, alternatives to incarceration, and drug policy, as well as links to other web resources.
Also listed under Criminal Justice Resources : Associations and Organizations
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Citizens Alliance on Prisons & Public Spending
http://www.capps-mi.org/
A non-profit public policy organization concerned about the social and economic costs of prison expansion. Because policy choices, not crime rates, have caused our prison population to explode, CAPPS advocates re-examining those policies and shifting our resources to public services that prevent crime, rehabilitate offenders, and address the needs of all our citizens in a cost-effective manner. To achieve these goals, CAPPS develops data-driven proposals for reducing the prison population while ensuring public safety. It informs policymakers, advocacy groups, the news media, and the general public about these issues through numerous means, including a website, a newsletter, research reports, legislative testimony, speaking appearances, and the distribution of information kits to legislators and the media.
(Last checked 04/28/06)
Class Dismissed: Higher Education vs. Corrections During the Wilson Years
http://web.archive.org/web/20070702011637/http://www.justicepolicy.org/article.php?id=38
States around the country spent more building prisons than colleges in 1995 for the first time. That year, there was nearly a dollar-for-dollar tradeoff between corrections and higher education, with university construction funds decreasing by $954 million to (2.5 billion) while corrections funding increased by $926 million to (2.6 billion). Around the country, from 1987 to 1995, general fund expenditures for prisons increased by 30%, while general fund expenditures for universities decreased by 18%. Dan Macallair, Vincent Schiraldi, and Khaled Taqi-Eddin. San Francisco, California: The Justice Policy Institute. 1998.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
The Commercialization of Justice
http://www.paulsjusticepage.com/crimepays/commercialization-of-justice.htm
Article by Marlyce Nuzum, Eastern Michigan University, appearing originally in The Critical Criminologist v 8 #3 (Summer 1998) and available on Paul's Justice Page.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Commission on Safety and Abuse in America's Prisons
http://www.prisoncommission.org
On any given day, 2.2 million people are incarcerated in the United States, and over the course of a year, many millions spend time in prison or jail. 750,000 men and women work in correctional facilities. The annual cost: more than 60 billion dollars. Yet within three years, 67 percent of former prisoners will be rearrested and 52 percent will be re-incarcerated. At this moment, the effectiveness of America's approach to corrections has the attention of policy makers at all levels of government and in both political parties. The Commission and its report, Confronting Confinement, make a unique contribution to this timely national discussion by connecting the most serious problems and abuses inside jails and prisons with the health and safety of our communities.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Committee to End the Marion Lockdown
http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~kastor/ceml.html
CEML is an anti-racist group which fights against the brutality of "control unit" prisons. Prisoners in these prisons are caged for arbitrary lengths of time, sometimes years, in total isolation in conditions that violate the United Nations' Standard Minimum Rules for the treatment of prisoners. We also work to expose the racist nature of imprisonment in the U.S.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Community Corrections Funding
http://www.senate.michigan.gov/sfa/Publications/Issues/ComCorr/comcorfund.html
An issue paper by Karen Firestone, Senate Fiscal Agency analyst, October 1999. Additional titles can be found by browsing through the publications section of the Senate Fiscal Agency web site.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Comparative International Rates of Incarceration: An Examination of Causes and Trends
http://www.sentencingproject.org/pdfs/pub9036.pdf
Presented to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights by Marc Mauer, Sentencing Project, 2003.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Confronting Confinement : A Report of the Commission on Safety and Abuse in America's Prisons
http://www.prisoncommission.org/pdfs/Confronting_Confinement.pdf
John J. Gibbons, Nicholas de B. Katzenbach. New York : New York : Vera Institute of Justice, June 2006; Washington, D.C. : Commission on Safety and Abuse in America's Prisons, June 2006
A report on violence and abuse in U.S. jails and prisons, the broad impact of those problems on public safety and public health, and how correctional facilities nationwide can become safer and more effective. The report reflects the Commission's work over more than a year — an inquiry that featured four public hearings in cities around the country where nearly 100 people testified, visits to jails and prisons, conversations with people about their experience of life behind bars, discussions with current and former corrections officials and experts working outside the profession, and a thorough review of available research and data.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Convicts Reunited
convictsreunited.com
Even if you've never spent a single night behind bars, surely you can imagine the friendships that must develop among birds in the big house. But what happens when the gang gets released? After all, not all prisoners are as organized as the guys in The Shawshank Redemption. Not to worry, fellas. The recently launched Convicts Reunited [convictsreunited.com] makes it easy for prison alums to search for their former fellow inmates and see what they're “up to.” We like to think of the site as Classmates.com with a troubled past. Now you don't have to watch Cops to catch a glimpse of old Lefty. Source: Yahoo Internet Life, August 1, 2002.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Corporate Corrections
http://www.reason.org/corrections/faq_private_prisons.shtml
Frequently asked questions and answers about private prisons by the Reason Public Policy Institute.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
The Corporate Prison: the Production of Crime and the Sale of Discipline
http://www.csun.edu/~hfspc002/karyl.prison.pdf
A paper written by KaryL Kristine Kicenski, George Mason University, 1998.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Correctional Association of New York : History
http://www.correctionhistory.org/html/chronicl/cany/html/cany01.html
Provides excerpts from a Citizen Crusade for Prison Reform.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Correctional Boot Camps: A Tough Intermediate Sanction
http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles/bcamps.pdf
http://www.ncjrs.org/txtfiles/bcamps.txt
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Correctional Boot Camps: Lessons From a Decade of Research (NCJ 197018)
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/197018.htm
This NIJ Research for Practice presents findings from 10 years of data analyzing whether boot camps are successful in reducing recidivism, prison populations, and operating costs. The report found that although boot camps generally had positive effects on the attitudes and behaviors of inmates during confinement, these changes did not translate into reduced recidivism. Programs were often too brief to exert a lasting effect on inmates released to the community and they lacked, as well, a strong treatment model or sufficient preparation for reentry into the community. Boot camps' efforts to achieve multiple goals contributed to conflicting results. For example, lengthening camps so that more treatment programs could be included, which reduced recidivism, also shortened the discount in time served and undercut lower prison bed costs.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Correctional Leadership Competencies for the 21st Century: Manager and Supervisor Levels
http://nicic.org/Downloads/PDF/Library/020475.pdf
Highlights the types of support and leadership that sheriffs should provide to enable jail administrators to manage jails effectively. It includes information to help sheriffs address jail problems, manage liability issues, and improve operations. Not available from NCJRS. Call the NIC Information Center at 1-800-877-1461 for printed copies. (ACCN 020475) (348 pp.) (NIC)
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Correctional Management, Inc.
http://www.c-m-i.com/
Correctional Management, Inc. provides service, expertise, and innovation to the community correctional field. In addition to training and consulting services, the corporation also provides criminal justice professionals with an excellent collection of web links broken out into the following categories: major criminal justice links, statistics and research, law and legal research, crimes against children, juvenile justice, drug abuse, domestic violence, victim issues, grants and grant writing, discussion groups, miscellaneous, and federal agencies.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Correctional Medical Services, Inc.
http://www.prisonpolicy.org/cms.html
There have been 5 major exposes of the nation's largest "provider" of "medical" services to prisoners.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Correctional News Online
CorrectionalNews.Com
http://www.correctionalnews.com/
An online resource for Design, Construction, Management, and Operations. Welcome to Correctional News Online, the web site for Correctional Building News. Search our site for the most up-to-date information about the correctional building industry. We offer a free taste of our popular Correctional Building News' Construction Report in the Express Report, specifications and information about our Facility of the Month and our Product of the Month, and a downloadable Media Kit. Bookmark our page now so you can check back for updates.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Correctional Populations in the United States, 1995
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/cpius95.htm
Presents data on the growing number of persons in the United States under some form of
correctional supervision for 1995: 3.1 million on probation, 507,000 in jail, 1,079,000 in prison, and 700,200 on parole. The data for State and Federal prison inmates are reported for 1995: sex, race, Hispanic origin, admission type, release type, sentence length, escapes, probation and parole violations, facility crowding, deaths in prison, and inmates entering prison under sentence of death. Information on jail inmates is included in the report, as well as data on persons held in U.S. military confinement facilities. A special section presents tables by State, summarizing the 1995 Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities. This report, 11th in an annual series, has been published since 1985 and includes a subject index. 5/97. NCJ 163916. A statistical report from the Bureau of Justice Statistics. Requires Acrobat Reader installation.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Correctional Privatization
http://www.sp2.upenn.edu/crysp/reports/privatization/Chapter8.pdf
Chapter 8 by G. Larry Mays appearing in Privatization in the Social Services ; Conference Proceedings, October 16 - 18, 2000
by Susan C. Kinnevy and Ira M. Schwartz, Editors.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Correctional Service Canada (English version)
http://198.103.98.138/text/home_e.shtml
Provides description of this federal agency, job information, and an extensive set of research publications related to the federal correctional program and Canadian corrections practitioners.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Correctional Service Canada Research Briefs
http://198.103.98.138/text/rsrch/briefs/briefs_e.shtml
This series of publications by the Research Unit of Correctional Services of Canada has been coming out since 1989.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Correctional Service Canada Research Reports
http://198.103.98.138/text/rsrch/reports/reports_e.shtml
As of August 1987, there are already 57 research reports in this series started by the Research Unit of Correctional Services of Canada back in 1989.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Corrections and Sentencing Law and Policy
http://www.ssrn.com/link/corrections-sentencing-law-policy.html
Subscribe
UCLA law professor Sharon Dolovich and Washington University law professor Margo Schlanger are co-editors of a new Social Science Research Network journal, Corrections and Sentencing Law and Policy. Corrections and Sentencing Law and Policy Abstracts will provide a forum for works-in-progress, abstracts, and completed articles dealing with the broad range of doctrinal, theoretical, and policy issues relating to the punishment, sentencing, and re-entry of convicted criminal offenders. Topics include (but are not limited to) prison and jail conditions and life; prisoners' rights; probation, parole, and re-entry; prison and jail administration; imprisonment and diversionary sentencing, and the death penalty. The journal also invites submissions dealing with the implications of incarceration and other criminal punishments for families, communities, and society as a whole. Contributions from all disciplines are welcome, and scholars working in this area are encouraged to submit their work.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
The Corrections Connection
also known as Corrections.com
http://www.corrections.com/
The Corrections Connection is the CENTRAL LOCATION on the Internet where all individuals, associations, organizations, institutions, agencies and companies which are associated with CORRECTIONS may come together to network, exchange information, ask questions, find out about announcements, services, products, research developments, upcoming shows, educational resources, career opportunities, and new technologies within the Corrections and Criminal Justice fields.
It provides comprehensive directory listings for state, county, federal and international correctional agencies, as well as associations, products, services and online criminal justice websites PLUS . . . extensive networking opportunities for correctional Facilities, professionals, businesses, and students.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Corrections Corporation of America
http://www.correctionscorp.com/
Private sector provider of detention and corrections services to federal, state and local governments. Offers third party studies of prison privatization and links to other correctional resources.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Corrections entry from Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment, Vol. 1, 2002
http://law.jrank.org/pages/12057/Corrections.html
In addition to some general commentary, this entry contains sections on :
Probation,
Famous Prisons,
Incarceration,
Boot Camp Prisons
New Treatment: Prisoners And Animals,
Parole,
Community-based Corrections, and
Women In Prison.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Corrections, Inc.
http://www.americanradioworks.org/features/corrections/index.html
The nation's swelling inmate population has turned imprisonment into a $50 billion-a-year industry. Those who've prospered along the way include corporations, prison guard unions, and police agencies. American RadioWorks correspondent John Biewen examines how some of those with vested interests help to shape who gets locked up and for how long. American RadioWorks® : the national documentary unit of Minnesota Public Radio, April 2002.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Corrections Privatization Generates Savings and Better Service
http://www.wpri.org/WIInterest/Vol12No1/Duff12.1.pdf
This report assesses Wisconsin’s recent corrections system situation. Wisconsin’s prison system began limited dealings with private prisons in 1998 and today has more than 20% of its inmate population managed out-of-state by a private management company. The report states that few leaders have led the change for increased corrections privatization due to expected strong opposition from labor unions and liberal interests. But the report states that, ironically, liberal interests could benefit from corrections privatization because funds freed up by privatization efficiencies would become available for spending in other areas, including education and social services programs. The report states that Wisconsin should revisit prison privatization with renewed interest. Marc C. Duff, Wisconsin Interest, Winter 2003, Wisconsin Policy Research Institute, Inc. - Wisconsin.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Corrections Statistics (BJS)
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/correct.htm
Provides statistics, information about various surveys conducted, and links to actual reports. Categories include:
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Corrections Telecommunications and Technology
http://www.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/ctt/
This web site is based on articles published as a series in Corrections Managers' Report, which is a newsletter for managers of correctional programs and facilities published by Civic Research Institute. The author is a Professor of Public Administration at John Jay College of Criminal Justice. This web site is hosted by the The Lloyd Sealy Library of John Jay College of Criminal Justice of the City University of New York.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Corrections Today
http://www.aca.org/publications/ctmagazine.asp
Sponsored by the American Correctional Association. Provides a sampler of full text articles from the latest issue, as well as an extensive number of articles from past issues of the magazine.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Crime and Justice Atlas 2000
http://www.jrsainfo.org/programs/Crime_Atlas_2000.pdf
The Atlas includes updated data on state and national trends in crime, sentencing and corrections, a series of graphs depicting long-term (30-100 year) trends in crime and sentencing, along with a series of policy papers on a variety of topics written by experts in sentencing and corrections. Articles include: Impact of Truth-in-Sentencing and Three Strikes Legislation on Crime by Susan Turner; Health Care Needs of Prison and Jail Inmates by Theordor M. Hammett; Mentally Ill Behind Bars by Christine Sigurdson; Restorative Justice and the Woman Offender by Sheryl Ramstad Hvass; Managing Sex Offenders by Kim English; Case Management/Aftercare in Juvenile Corrections by Alton L. Lick; What Future for Community Corrections? by Michael E. Smith. Prepared by the Justice Research and Statistics Association for the U.S. Department of Justice.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Crime and Punishment : A Tenuous Link
Campus Access
Off-Campus Access for MSU Students : Type in title in quick search box.
There are twice as many people in prison today as there were in 1980. The nation's prisons are filled beyond capacity, and pressures are mounting to build more. But the cost is enormous, and many criminologists say putting more people in jail may not be a very effective way to fight crime. After all, despite this decade's apparent crackdown, crime still seems to be out of control. Sarah Glazer, Editorial Research Reports via CQ Researcher Archive, October 20, 1989.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Crime and Punishment in America
http://www.ncpa.org/studies/s193/s193f.html
The cost of building and maintaining prisons is high, but studies indicate that the cost to society of not doing so is even higher. Rising prison costs can be reduced by privatizing prison construction and operation, as well as by employing prisoners in both state and private enterprise jobs. A National Center for Policy Analysis Policy Report (No. 193) by Morgan O. Reynolds published in June 1995.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Crunching Numbers: Crime and Incarceration at the End of the Millennium
http://ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/jr000242c.pdf
This article from the January edition of the National Institute of Justice Journal summarizes, in eight packed pages, significant data on crime and punishment in America over the course of the last century, with emphasis on the last few decades. Among other things, the report examines the recent decline in property crimes comparing figures to other countries, discusses the apparent drop in incidents of rape, and looks at the possible correlations between incarceration rates and crime levels -- all in a readable style with many useful graphs and in a manner that avoids simplistic conclusions. The article's author is Jan M. Chaiken, Director of the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS).
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Culture of Control (Book Review)
http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/14240.ctl
Available in the MSU Main Library Stacks
Concerns about economic insecurity and personal safety have contributed to a culture where voters in the UK and USA allow politicians to lock up more and more offenders, pass increasingly illiberal laws, and impose increasingly strict controls upon behaviours that were previously tolerated in the name of freedom. British author David Garland, currently Professor of Law and Sociology at New York University, explores why the growing personal freedoms, affluence and mobility of the 1960s, with its emancipatory culture and its belief in the possibilities of rehabilitating wrongdoers, has given way to today’s more anxious, more illiberal culture and the tough-on-crime measures that accompany it. In the last 30 years our ideas about crime and criminal justice have been turned upside down – Garland’s “history of the present” explains exactly how and why.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
The Culture of Prison Sexual Violence
http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/216515.pdf
This study found that: male and female inmates reported that prison rape did not occur often; inmates “self-police” their own community in an effort to maintain peace and social order; inmates reported culturally prescribed social arrangements that facilitate physical safety and provide social and emotional support; inmate sexual culture allows for disagreement on inmates’ judgment of an act of sexual violence as coercive or rape; prison inmates judge prison rape as detrimental to inmates’ social order; and while men’s and women’s prisons display distinctions in social arrangements and overt social behavior, they share underlying cultural beliefs, values, and norms on the nature of sexuality and sexual violence. Results showed that inmates’ lack of confidence in institution protection may be linked to many conditions affecting low confidence in institution safety; inmate debts lead to violence; inmates have a low confidence in institution transfers as a means to prevent or intervene on situations of sexual pressure; and that protective custody falls short of creating inmate confidence in institutional safety. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of data both confirmed previous knowledge of inmates shared common cultural rules and brings new understanding of social-sexual behavior. Whether inmates determine that a sex act was consensual or forced rests on subjective perceptions of the causes of the act and the response of the victim toward the assailant. Inmates judge prison rapists as dangerous and victims as too weak to protect themselves. Practical innovations to prison rape prevention, such as security cameras, may provide greater inmate safety and inmates would benefit from an officially sponsored orientation to the realities of prison inmate culture. The study included 564 inmate volunteers (408 men and 156 women) from 30 prisons in 10 States. Mark S Fleisher ; Jessie L Krienert. November 2006.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Curious Punishments of Bygone Days
http://web.archive.org/web/20070204015117/http://www.getchwood.com/punishments/curious/
Alice Morse Earle, 1896, reflects on punishment practices in colonial America. Still available thanks to the Internet Archives.
Also available as book in the MSU Main Library
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Current Issues in the Operation of Women's Prisons
http://www.nicic.org/pubs/1998/014784.pdf
Reviews the status of issues such as gender of staff working in women's prisons, policies and programs for women offenders, and availability of specialized staff training and provides a list of North American institutions for female inmates. National Institute of Corrections Information Center, 1998. 17 pp. Accession no. 014784
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Cutting Correctly: New Prison Policies for Times of Fiscal Crisis
http://www.cjcj.org/pdf/cut_cor.pdf
Judith Greene and Vincent Schiraldi. Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice. During the 1990’s, corrections constituted one of the fastest growing line items in state budgets. On average, corrections consumed 7 percent of state budgets in 2000. Today, it is costing states, counties and the federal government nearly $40 billion to imprison approximately two million state and local inmates, up from $5 billion in combined prison and jail expenditures in 1978. Twenty-four billion of that was spent on the incarceration of nonviolent offenders. Despite the modest recent decline in state prison populations, the massive growth in state prisoners over the past two decades has meant that one out of every 14 general fund dollars spent in 2000 was spent on prisons. While state government officials may have felt they could afford incarceration largess during the boom years of the 1990’s, state budgets are now groaning under the weight of the recent recession compounded by the revenue loss associated with the September 11 terrorist attacks. Some states around the country have already responded with prison closures and/or downsizing: for example, since the recession began, Republican governors in four states have decided to close prisons. In the face of severe state budget shortfalls, Cutting Correctly lays out for state policy makers, strategies and approaches that can reduce corrections spending without jeopardizing public safety.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Dangers of Detention: The Impact of Incarcerating Youth in Detention and Other Secure Facilities
http://www.justicepolicy.org/images/upload/06-11_REP_DangersOfDetention_JJ.pdf
Rather than promoting public safety, detention — the pretrial “jailing” of youth not yet found delinquent — may contribute to future offenses. Studies from around the country show that incarcerated youth have higher recidivism rates than youth supervised in other kinds of settings. Justice Policy Institute, 2006. Cataloged.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Deadly Custody
Still available on microfilm in the MSU Libraries
At least 55 prisoners have died in metro Detroit jails and lockups since 1998, many from medical neglect, foreseeable suicides and other suspicious circumstances, a Free Press investigation has found. Most died of physical ailments. Many hanged themselves with sheets, blankets, socks or whatever they could fashion into a noose. Questionable deaths in Wayne, Oakland and Macomb counties prompted 17 lawsuits that have cost taxpayers nearly $5 million, as well as increases in insurance premiums for some communities. Free Press investigation, August 24, 2001
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Debt to Society: Incarceration Atlas
http://www.motherjones.com/prisons/atlas.html
The Incarceration Atlas is a special report from the Mother Jones website. The site includes an interactive U.S. map with figures back to 1980 for overall incarceration rates, drug offenders, racial breakdown, and comparison of education spending versus prison spending. Data is available for download in text format. Accompanying articles are also provided, examining such issues as how the U.S. Census Bureau counts prisoners. Courtesy of Motherjones.com
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Debt to Society: The Real Price of Prisons
http://www.motherjones.com/prisons/
There are more people behind bars in the United States today than ever before. Since 1980, the inmate population has more than quadrupled to two million -- an unprecedented explosion that is incurring unprecedented costs to all Americans. Courtesy of motherjones.com
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Desktop Guide to Good Juvenile Detention Practice
http://web.archive.org/web/20011127132928/
www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles/desktop.pdf
October 1996. Still available thanks to the Internet Archive.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Diminishing Returns: Crime and Incarceration in the 1990s
http://www.sentencingproject.org/pdfs/9039.pdf
Article by Jennie Gainsborough and Marc Mauer, Sentencing Project, September 2000.
Also listed under Sentencing.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Distorted Priorities: Drug Offenders in State Prisons
http://www.sentencingproject.org/pdfs/9038.pdf
Ryan S. King and Marc Maur. The Sentencing Project. September 2002.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Does Parole Work?: Analyzing the Impact of Postprison Supervision on Rearrest Outcomes
http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/311156_Does_Parole_Work.pdf
The number of Americans on parole has risen along with the U.S. prison population, swelling from 197,000 in 1980 to 774,000 in 2003. But is conditional release, with the supervision it entails, worth the trouble and expense? This question was addressed in a recent Urban Institute report, which compared rates of recidivism among ex-convicts who were paroled with those among ex-convicts who were released with no strings attached. The study found that the recidivism rate among prisoners released unconditionally was virtually the same as that among "mandatory parolees," or prisoners for whom parole is part of a fixed sentence: 62 percent of the former and 61 percent of the latter were re-arrested at least once within two years. "Discretionary parolees," or prisoners released early after being vetted by a parole board, might be expected to do considerably better than others, having met various criteria before release. But they fared just slightly better: 54 percent were re-arrested within two years. Overall, parole is most effective in reducing recidivism rates among female prisoners, prisoners with few prior arrests, and those arrested for technical offenses or for violating public order. Among the largest category of released prisoners—males who have committed property, drug, or violent crimes—"the public safety impact of supervision is … nonexistent," the authors write, adding that the current parole system "serves little purpose apart from providing false comfort." Urban Institute. March 2005, 20pp.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Drug Detection in Prison Mailrooms
http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/nij/205685.pdf
Despite the highly supervised environment, prisons face a pervasive problem of the use of illicit drugs by inmates. The common entry point for illicit drugs in prison is the mailroom where several thousand pieces of mail pass through daily. To improve mailroom drug screening, the U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice sponsored a study to examine whether commercially available drug detection systems could be successful in prison mailrooms. The study included an examination of mailroom operations and processes at the U.S. Penitentiary in Leavenworth, KS, a survey of available detection technologies, and a laboratory-based evaluation of several technologies (i.e. desktop ion mobility spectrometers (IMS), handheld IMS, chemical spray, and X-ray machines) at Thunder Mountain Evaluation Center in Arizona in the detection of six drugs of interest (marijuana, cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, ecstasy, and LSD). Results of the study indicated that x-ray could find relatively small amounts of drugs in mail, trace detection systems had high false alarm rates, and items mailed through the postal system did not pick up substantial amounts of drug contamination. Overall, results concluded that IMS was the technology most likely to enhance mailroom drug screening effectiveness. Study limitations are presented and discussed. National Institute of Justice. 4pp.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Education & incarceration
http://www.soros.org/initiatives/justice/articles_publications/publications/education_incarceration_20030828
Report examines the U.S. states' efforts to close budget gaps while continuing to fund high-quality education as well as correctional institutions. The report concludes that the financial costs of prisons obscures the massive social costs these policy choices have in specific communities. Bruce Western, Vincent Schiraldi, & Jason Ziedenberg. Washington, D.C. : Justice Policy Institute, 2003.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Electronic Monitoring : A Select Bibliography
http://www.criminology.utoronto.ca/library/elecmon.htm
Compiled by the University of Toronto Centre of Criminology Library. March 10, 2003.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Emerging Issues of Privatized Prisons
NCJ181249
http://www.ncjrs.org/txtfiles1/bja/181249.txt
http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/bja/181249.pdf
One of the most daunting challenges confronting our criminal justice system today is the overcrowding of our nation's prisons. One proposed solution that emerged was the privatizing of prisons and jails by contracting out, in part or in whole, their operations. To explore the issues pertaining to the privatization of prisons, BJA funded a nationwide study that has resulted in this monograph. The
study resulted in some interesting conclusions. It is hoped that this monograph will prove enlightening to those involved with the issue of privatized prisons and promote a greater discussion about it.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Entrepreneurial Corrections: Incarceration As A Business Opportunity
http://www.justicestrategies.net/Judy/EntrepreneurialCorrections.pdf
Chapter by Judith A. Greene appearing in the book Invisible Punishment (New Press, 2002).
(Last checked 11/16/07)
ERIC Clearinghouse for Counseling and Student Services
Virtual Library Reading Room
Juvenile Boot Camps
http://web.archive.org/web/20020818020322/
ericcass.uncg.edu/virtuallib/bootcamp/adolescents.html
Still available thanks to the Internet Archives.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Supermax Prisons
http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411326_supermax_prisons.pdf
This 89-page report assesses the effectiveness of Supermax prisons in the US. Daniel P. Mears, Urban Institute, Justice Policy Center, March 2006.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
The Extent, History, and Role of Private Companies in the Delivery of Correctional Services in the United States
http://www.reason.org/ps302.pdf
Article by Geoffrey F. Segal, Reason Institute, November 2002.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
FCNetwork
Also called Family and Corrections Network
http://www.fcnetwork.org/
Since 1983 the Family and Corrections Network has provided ways for those concerned with families of offenders to share information and experiences in an atmosphere of mutual respect. We have done this through publishing, sponsoring conferences, liaison with other agencies, presentations, and consultation. We have published information on children of prisoners, parenting programs for prisoners, prison visiting, incarcerated fathers, hospitality programs and a variety of other topics. We are a low overhead, volunteer organization. We are proud of our history as the first national organization in the United States focused on families of offenders. This new web site is the Family and Corrections Network's latest effort to inform, support and empower families of offenders and their supporters.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Features from The Other Side of the Wall
http://www.prisonwall.org/
The Other Side of the Wall was established in 1995. For nine years, it provided news, articles, and resources affecting prisoners in California and across the United States.
It is no longer possible to update this site on a regular basis, but the material here reflects some of the best that it had to offer.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Federal Bureau of Prisons
Federal Inmate Locator
http://www.bop.gov/inmate_locator/index.jsp
Index of current and past federal inmates online! Goes back to 1982.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Federal Bureau of Prisons
Institution and Office Directory
http://www.bop.gov/facilnot.htm
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Federal Bureau of Prisons Library
http://bop.library.net/
Provides information about the library, its archives, the periodicals it receives, and a searchable library catalog.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Fiscal Lockdown
http://magic.msu.edu/search~S1/t
Note: Type in title of journal (Dollar & Sense) and follow options. Access restricted to Proquest Library subscribers.
Facing their most serious revenue shortfall in generations, states are slashing spending on nearly everything, including prisons. Will these cuts weaken the prison-industrial complex or strengthen it? Source: Dollar & Sense, July-August, 2003, by Julie Falk.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Florida Monitor:
Florida Legislature Office of Program Policy Analysis and Government Accountability Reports
http://www.oppaga.state.fl.us/reports/topic/crimetop.html
Provides criminal and juvenile justice reports related to correctional privatization.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Foreign Nationals in Michigan Prisons : An Examination of the Costs
http://www.capps-mi.org/pdfdocs/Foreign%20nationals.pdf
If it costs $30,000 a year to house an inmate, shouldn't the Michigan Department of Corrections explore deporting foreign inmates? Lansing, MI : Citizens Alliance on Prisons and Public Spending, April 2006 (12 pages).
(Last checked 11/16/07)
A Fork in the Road: Build More Prisons or Develop New Strategies to Deal with Offenders? (Symposium)
http://web.archive.org/web/20051024132410/
http://www.law.siu.edu/lawjour/23_2/index.htm
Law enforcement experts and key policy makers from throughout the nation gathered on Southern Illinois University's Carbondale campus last October to address a set of major questions facing the federal government and state goverernments throughout the nation: Can we stop the costly
proliferation of prisons across our country without compromising public safety? Are there more effective and efficient options, particularly for nonviolent offenders? Can we reduce
dramatically the number of repeat offenders, both adult and juvenile, by doing a better job of monitoring them and providing services in their communities to the thousands and thousands of law violators released from our prisons every year? Southern Illinois University Law Journal, Carbondale, Illinois, Volume 23, Issue 2, Winter 1999 issue.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Forum on Corrections Research
http://198.103.98.138/text/pblct/forum/index_e.shtml
Sponsored by the Correctional Services of Canada, newsletter contains lots of research related to Canadian corrections issues. Vol. 1, no. 1, 1989 to date.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
From Classrooms to Cell Blocks:
A National Perspective
http://www.justicepolicy.org/images/upload/97-01_REP_ClassroomsCellblocksNational_BB.pdf
America is undergoing a national crisis. Current policies are already in place which force state legislatures to decrease higher education and other social service expenditures in order to fund costly and ineffective prison expansion. According to the Campaign for an Effective Crime Policy, every dollar in the $30 billion Crime Bill will cost states $3 to $5 ($90 to $150 billion) in expenditures. If these criminal justice policies continue, many states will be forced to spend most of the newly proposed $51 billion education fund on corrections rather than education. The latest proposed tax incentive for education, America's HOPE Scholarship, will be useless to taxpayers if current criminal justice policies persist. Americans will soon be forced to spend their tax-free education funds on an ineffective, costly criminal justice system.
Who would ever imagine that a baccalaureate degree is no longer one of the highest priorities of our elected officials? Who would ever imagine that America, the country of freedom and opportunity, would be trading classrooms for cell blocks? It seems like such a foreign concept to most Americans. Unfortunately, this foreign concept is becoming more and more domesticated in many states. Tara-Jen Ambrosio and Vincent Schiraldi. From Classrooms to Cellblocks: A National Perspective. Washington DC: The Justice Policy Institute. 1997.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
From Prison Site to Tourist Site
http://web.archive.org/web/20041010224934/http://www.prisontourism.net/page_1.htm
This site by Carolyn Strange, University of Toronto, examines three former prison sites which have been turned into tourism sites: Robben Island (South Africa), Alcatraz (U.S.A.) and Port Arthur (Australia). It addresses the following questions:
(1) How did these former prisons undergo their transitions to tourist sites?
(2) How do representations of punishment differ at these sites?
(3) How has prison site interpretation altered over time?
(4) How and to whom is penal tourism marketed?
(5) How have ideas about the 'proper' way to interpret the penal past been debated?
(Last checked 11/16/07)
From Prison to Home - The Dimensions and Consequences of Prisoner Reentry
http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/from_prison_to_home.pdf
About 600,000 individuals - roughly 1,600 a day - will be released from state and federal prisons this year to return to their communities. On one level, this transition from prison to community might be viewed as unremarkable. Ever since prisons were built, individuals have faced the challenges of moving from confinement in correctional institutions to liberty on the street. Jeremy Travis, Amy L. Solomon, and Michelle Waul, Urban Institute, June 01, 2001.
Also cataloged for Magic.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Global Bibliography of Prison Systems, Version 2.0
http://www.uncjin.org/country/GBOPS/gbops.html
Philip L. Reichel, Professor of Sociology at the University of Northern Colorado, initially compiled the Global Bibliography of Prison Systems (GBOPS), Version 1.0 as a sabbatical project at the United Nations Centre For International Crime Prevention. The GBOPS provides criminal justice scholars and practitioners with a comprehensive resource for locating information about international prison systems. Version 1.0 of the GBOPS includes 615 citations representing 113 countries. Some citations are annotated, and most citations range from 1985 to 1998. Last revised February 10, 2000.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Going Up the River: Travels in a Prison Nation (Book Review)
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0375502637/
qid=1012395034/sr=1-1/ref=sr_1_14_1/102-1553103-4736150
Available in the MSU Main Library Stacks
If crime rates are dropping, why is the number of prisons growing rapidly? What are the cause and implications of the "prison boom"? Hallinan, winner of a Pulitzer Prize and Harvard's prestigious Nieman Fellowship, delivers a clear-eyed, sleekly written and deeply disturbing tour of the privatized prison landscape of America circa 2000, with a welcome (if unnerving) focus on the human aspect of maximum incarceration. "The merger of punishment and profit [is] reshaping this country," he argues.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Google.com Web Directory on Prisons
http://directory.google.com/Top/Society/Crime/Prisons/
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Guide for Developing Housing for Ex-Offenders
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ccdo/pub/pdf/NCJ203374.pdf
The Office of Justice Programs organized a focus group of corrections and housing officials to identify innovative ways to provide housing for ex-offenders. The result is a 36 page Guide for Developing Housing for Ex-Offenders" (NCJ 203374), which was published in May, 2004. The document describes the problem, covers key issues jurisdictions will face in developing solutions, gives tips on program design, operation and funding, and provides case studies of programs deemed to be successful models.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Guide to Preparing for and Responding to Prison Emergencies
http://www.nicic.org/pubs/2005/020293.pdf
The goals of this guide, which was funded by the national institute of Corrections and National Institute of Justice, are simple but important. It is hoped that the guide will result in improved prevention efforts, planning, and response, so that some emergencies may be averted entirely and others may be mitigated. If this guide helps prevent violence in just a few locations and if it minimizes injuries, deaths, or escapes during just a few prison crises, then it will have fully satisfied its objectives. Jeffrey A. Schwartz, Ph.D. and Cynthia Barry, Ph.D. LETRA, Inc.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Guide to the Technologies of Concealed Weapon and Contraband Imaging and Detection
www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/184432.htm
Describes the operation, limitations, technology and applicability of the concealed weapon and contraband imaging and detection system for corrections personnel and other potential users. NCJ 184432.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Hand-Held Metal Detectors for Use in Concealed Weapon and Contraband Detection
www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/183470.htm
Establishes performance requirements for and testing methods of handheld metal detectors used to find weapons and contraband carried on a person or concealed by a non-metal object. NCJ 183470.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Hard Time Blues: How Politics Built a Prison Nation
[Criminal justice, Administration of -- Political aspects -- United States]
[Discrimination in criminal justice administration -- United States]
[Imprisonment -- United States]
[Sentences (Criminal procedure) -- United States]
[Criminal justice, Administration of -- Political aspects -- California]
Prisons were first conceived in the United States a little more than 200 years ago. Maybe it makes sense that we created them as an institution, for we have become the leading prison country among civilized nations.
The statistics are staggering. The United States incarcerates more people for more offenses than any other country in the free world--five to eight times more citizens per capita than Western European countries. The American prison population increased 500 percent between 1970 and 2000, doubling in the last decade of the century. More than 2 million men and women are locked up in the U.S. today.
What accounts for this unique and shameful social problem? The answer is partly explained by Sasha Abramsky in Hard Time Blues: How Politics Built a Prison Nation - a well-researched and reported narrative of the recent history that lengthened sentences, built prisons, and resulted in mass incarceration.
Health Status of Soon-to-be-Released Inmates
http://www.ncchc.org/pubs/pubs_stbr.html
Prisons and jails offer a unique opportunity to establish better disease control in the community by providing improved health care and disease prevention to inmates before they are released. A series of papers (summarized in Volume 1 and provided in full in Volume 2) documents indisputably that tens of thousands of inmates are being released into the community every year with undiagnosed or untreated communicable disease, chronic disease and mental illness. The research also shows that not only would it be cost effective to treat several of these diseases while the individuals are incarcerated, but in several instances it would even save money in the long run.
"The Health Status of Soon-to-Be-Released Inmates" offers a sobering view of the corrections system, which has clearly become a major conduit for infectious disease. The rate of transmission for sexually transmittable disease behind bars is roughly 10 times that in the world outside. In any given year, 17 percent of people with AIDS, 35 percent of people with tuberculosis and nearly a third of those with hepatitis C pass through the corrections system.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
The High Cost of Denying Parole: An Analysis of Prisoners Eligible for Release
http://www.capps-mi.org/pdfdocs/fulldatareport.pdf
Lansing, MI : Citizens Alliance on Prisons and Public Spending, November 2003. 60pp.
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High-Risk and Special Management Prisoners
http://www.nicic.org/pubs/2004/018604.pdf
"Effective Prison Mental Health Services: Guidelines To Expand and Improve Treatment" (93 pp.) (ACCN 018604) presents survey results on historical, legal, and ethical issues in dealing with mental illness in the field of corrections. (NIC)
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Hispanic Prisoners in the United States
http://www.sentencingproject.org/pdfs/1051.pdf
Sentencing Project.
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History of the Federal Parole System
http://www.usdoj.gov/uspc/history.pdf
An updated report by Peter B. Hoffman, U.S. Parole Commission, May 2003. 87pp.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Hospice and Palliative Care In Prisons
http://www.nicic.org/pubs/1998/014785.pdf
Reports that nearly half of U.S. correctional agencies are currently employing a formal hospice model in providing care to terminally ill inmates, are actively implementing such a program, or are considering taking that step. Explores issues in operating hospice programs and discusses advantages and difficulties encountered by the agencies that have implemented them. National Institute of Corrections Information Center, 1998. 11 pp. Accession no. 014785.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
House of the Dead -- Notes on Prison
http://www.houseofthedead.org/
(Last checked 11/16/07)
How to Locate a Federal Inmate
Also called Federal Inmate Locator
http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/LocateInmate.jsp
Information supplied by the Federal Bureau of Prisons.
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Incarceration and Its Costs In Michigan
http://www.senate.michigan.gov/sfa/Publications/Issues/IncarcerationCosts/IncarcerationCosts.pdf
Lindsay Hollander, May 2007
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Incarceration of Youth Who Are Waiting for Community Mental Health Services in California
http://oversight.house.gov/Documents/20050124112914-80845.pdf
The responses of California juvenile detention facilities to a national survey (2004) that "assessed the inappropriate detention of youth with mental illness" are analyzed (p. i). Five sections follow an executive summary: introduction; methods; findings; potential for underestimation; and conclusion; Some of the findings are: children as young as eight are incarcerated while waiting for mental health services; waiting youth have attempted suicide or attacked others; California detention facilities do not, in general, have adequate services to provide care to waiting youth; and over $10 million is spent a year by juvenile facilities to house waiting youth in California. U.S. Congress. House of Representatives. Committee on Government Reform (Washington, DC). 2005. 8pp.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Incarceration of Youth Who are Waiting for Community Mental Health Services in the United States
http://oversight.house.gov/Documents/20040817121901-25170.pdf
Democratic Minority report states that 15,000 children with psychiatric disorders were improperly incarcerated in 2003 because no mental health services were available. U.S. House Committee on Government Reform, Minority Staff Special Investigations Division. July 2004. 19pp.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Inmates Are Free to Practice Black Supremacist Religion, Judge Rules
http://www.mail-archive.com/religionlaw@listserv.ucla.edu/msg00327.html
Until two weeks ago, Intelligent Tarref Allah, a 27-year-old Brooklyn native convicted of murder in 1995, was just a gang member in prison asking for special treatment. For years, New York State prison officials would not allow Mr. Allah - who is known to inmates and guards by his new
legal first name, Intelligent, or Intel - to openly practice what he describes as his religion, central tenets of which encourage self-analysis, meditation and a black supremacist message.
Mr. Allah is a Five Percenter, part of a black militant group that broke from the Nation of Islam in the 1960's. The New York State prison system has long regarded it as a violence-prone gang, much as the system also regards the Latin Kings, Crips or the Aryan Brotherhood. Source: Paul von Zielbauer, New York Times, August 18, 2003.
Also listed under Gangs.
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Inmates May Have It Right -- Prisons All About Jobs
Still available on microfilm in the MSU Libraries
Many prison inmates swear the building boom in the penal system is a master plan to make money off them and create jobs, especially in the rural, mostly white areas where most prisons are. Plenty of inmates have told me this over the years.
If this prison-industrial complex sounds like a whack conspiracy theory, listen to Michigan state legislators. Republicans and Democrats have been beefing over whether to close a youth prison in Baldwin or the Newberry Correctional Facility in the Upper Peninsula. The debate isn't about which institution is best for rehabilitation, restitution or public safety -- it's about jobs. When the fight's over, legislators might stick the state with an $18-million-a-year tab for a prison it doesn't need.
With nearly 50,000 people in state prisons, Michigan has one of the nation's highest rates of incarceration and prison spending. Prisons eat up nearly 20% of the state's general fund, or $1.8 billion. Other states have found ways to safely spend a lot less on locking people up.
Corrections has started to control prison population and spending, after two decades of breakneck growth. It has diverted more offenders into community programs, developed programs to reduce recidivism and sent fewer parolees back to prison for technical violations. Michigan was one of the few states to reduce its prison population, if only slightly, in 2003 and 2004.
Jeff Gerritt, Detroit Free Press, August 16, 2005.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Inside Rikers : Stories from the World's Largest Penal Colony (Book Review)
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312261799/
ref=ase_prisonzoneA/102-1553103-4736150
Available in the MSU Library Main Stacks
Rikers Island penal colony is a world unto itself, with its own power plant, schools, hospital, even a tailor. But the 16,000 people forced to live there, unlike free worlders, are "usually known by their single worst deed." So writes Jennifer Wynn, who has spent the last decade getting beyond those deeds and helping inmates turn their untapped talents into new lives. Wynn first entered Rikers Island as a reporter, returned to teach in a rehabilitation program called Fresh Start, and ultimately became the program's director. Though she has left journalism as a career, this powerful debut puts her in the best tradition of activist journalism. Unlike most criminologists, she understands that the best way to make a point is to show rather than tell. By interlacing statistics with moving stories of Rikers' inmates, she makes clear the arguments for prison--and social--reform.
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Intensive After-Care for High Risk Juveniles: A Community Care Model
http://web.archive.org/web/20011129170305/www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles/juvcc.pdf
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Intensive After-Care for High Risk Juveniles: Policies and Procedures
http://web.archive.org/web/20011129170424/www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles/juvpp.pdf
(Last checked 11/16/07)
International Perspectives on Correctional Privatization: A Selected Bibliography
http://web.archive.org/web/20030625140109/
http://www.ucc.uconn.edu/~wwwsoci/ppbib96.html
Last revised November 23, 1996.
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The Interrelationship Between Public and Private Prisons:
Does the existence of prisoners under private management affect the rate
of growth in expenditures on prisoners under public management”
http://www.apcto.org/logos/Study.pdf
In this study the Vanderbilt University researchers, including a professor of law and a graduate school professor of economics, concluded that between 1999-2001 – the years for which the most accurate data is available – states that utilized private prisons had considerably more success in keeping public corrections spending under control than states with no private prisons. The existence of prisoners under private management in a state resulted in reduced growth in daily costs for the public corrections system by 8.9%, about 4.45% per year (1999-2000 and 2000-2001 budget cycles). In 2001, the average Department of Corrections expenditures in states without private prisoners were approximately $445 million. If the “average” state in that group were to introduce private prisons to some extent, the potential savings for one year in the Department of Corrections could be approximately $20 million in the public system’s operating costs alone. James F. Blumstein and Mark A. Cohen. April 2003.
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Introducing Women Into Michigan's Correctional System: A Conversation About Changing Culture
web link
Note: access restricted to MSU faculty, students, and subscribers.
Like many organizations in the 1970s, Michigan's Department of Corrections was primarily white and male. During that time, director Perry Johnson decided to change that through a process of affirmative intervention. It was clear to him that he needed all the good people he could get to manage a rapidly expanding system, so the addition of women and minorities was not only ethically required but practical.1 This article's authors, among other individuals, were instrumental in implementing Johnson's vision for women. The following describes their experiences in the context of culture change related to the entry of women into Michigan's state correctional system. Article by Luella Burke, Corrections Today, October 1 2005.
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Is Maryland's System of Higher Education Suffering Because of Prison Expenditures?
http://www.justicepolicy.org/images/upload/03-06_REP_MDHigherEdPrisonExpend_BB-MD.pdf
Ross Jamison. Justice Policy Institute. 2003.
(Last checked 11/16/07)
Jail Crowding: Understanding Jail Population Dynamics
http://www.nicic.org/pubs/2002/017209.pdf
This report on jail crowding was developed to assist local government officials in conducting effective criminal justice system oversight. It assumes that citizens, although generally unfamiliar with jails and the criminal justice system, are entitled to efficient, effective, and responsive government services. The ever-increasing demand for jail space, however, has contributed to persistent jail crowding, even as counties move to construct new jail beds. A solid knowledge base that explains how a jail population can grow despite decreases in both serious crime and the most criminogenic portion of the population (young adults) is a prerequisite for assessing future jail needs. The report explores how to identify factors related to jail crowding; presents questions that will clarify the evolution of jail bed space demands;
examines the trends that are driving jail population growth; and discusses forecasting to meet future needs. Appendices include: "Preventing Jail Crowding: A Practical guide," by Robert Cushman; and "Alleviating Jail Crowding: A Systemic Approach," a transcript of a videoconference by the National Institute of Corrections. Mark. A. Cunniff. National Institute of Corrections. 2002. 49pp.
(Last checked 11/16/07)