"Bioterrorism is a real threat to our country. It's a threat to every nation that loves freedom. Terrorist groups seek biological weapons; we know some rogue states already have them....It's important that we confront these real threats to our country and prepare for future emergencies.: President George W. Bush, June 12, 2002. Source: Biodefense for the 21st Century listed below.
"Armed with a single vial of a biological agent...small groups of fanatics, or failing states, could gain the power to threaten great nations, threaten the world peace. America, and the entire civilized world, will face this threat for decades to come. We must confront the danger with open eyes, and unbending purpose." President George W. Bush, Feb. 11, 2004. Source: Biodefense for the 21st Century listed below.
"'If terrorists were to look for a shortcut to mayhem,' suggests Amy Smithson, a researcher at the Henry L. Stimson Center in Washington, they need look no further than the 850,000 chemical plants in the United States that contain hazardous materials ... .But doomsday scenarios, in which millions of people die from smallpox or bubonic plague, seem far-fetched, say most experts. For a start, `acquiring and using chemical and biological weapons in a manner that causes mass casualties is not shake'n'bake easy' as Dr. Smithson puts it in her recent book Ataxia: The Chemical and Biolotical Terrorist Threat and the U.S. Response. That, she says, helps explain why there have been only 16 incidents worldwide of terrorists causing five or more injuries with chemical or biological weapons since 1975, among the more than 9,000 terrorist attacks monitored by the State Department." Source: Biochem Terror : A Reality Check, The Christian Science Monitor v.93 no.219 (5 Oct 2001): p.1,9
AAP: The Youngest Victims: Disaster Preparedness to Meet Children's Needs
http://www.aap.org/advocacy/releases/disaster_preparedness.htm
A Report from the American Academy of Pediatrics on meeting the treatment and mental health needs of children.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Addressing Bioterrorism Threats: Where Do We Go From Here?
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol5no4/hamburg.htm
This article discusses the importance of comprehensive planning for consequence management at the local level for preparedness and response to bioterrorism. The author recommends strengthening the nation's public health infrastructure and increasing information sharing with medical providers. Article by Margaret A. Hamburg, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, appearing in Emerging Infectious Diseases, July 1999.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Advice for Safeguarding Buildings Against Chemical or Biological Attack
http://securebuildings.lbl.gov/
Department of Energy, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
Also listed under Emergency Management.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Unveils Hospital Bioterrorism Preparedness Tool
http://www.ahrq.gov/news/press/pr2002/bioterrpr.htm
"Hospitals are on the front line for any bioterrorism attack. This tool will help hospitals plan to meet and anticipate needs imposed by a biological incident," said AHRQ's acting director, Carolyn M. Clancy, M.D. The 42 questions in AHRQ's Bioterrorism Emergency Planning and Preparedness Questionnaire for Healthcare Facilities cover subjects such as biological weapons training for their personnel, procedures to permit rapid recognition of credentialed staff from other facilities, on-call nursing policies, and designated areas of emergency overflow for patients. The survey also asks hospitals about matters such as their supply of selected antibiotics and the diagnostic capability of their in-hospital laboratory.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's (AHRQ) Bioterrorism and Emerging Infections Web Site
http://www.bioterrorism.uab.edu
This web site at the University of Alabama's Center for Disaster Preparedness offers free, online continuing education courses for hospital-based physicians, nurses, radiologists and other medical personnel on topics such as the identification of potential bioterrorist agents and commonly associated syndromes, including smallpox and anthrax.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Agricultural Biowarfare and Bioterrorism
http://www.fas.org/bwc/agr/main.htm
A compilation by Mark Wheelis, Section of Microbiology, University of California, Davis posted by the Federation of American Scientists, Chemical and Biological Arms Control Program.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
American College of Physicians/American Society of Internal Medicine
Bioterrorism Resources
http://www.acponline.org/bioterro/?idx
These pages provide information vital to all practicing physicians. Among the resources are Medical Aspects of Biological Terrorism, a clinical case and commentary from the Center for
Biodefense Studies and Johns Hopkins Schools of Medicine and Public Health.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Amerithrax: FBI Major Investigation
http://www.fbi.gov/anthrax/amerithraxlinks.htm
The FBI is appealing to the public for information that might help in its Amerithrax investigation. You can e-mail an investigator or read up on the latest developments in this unprecedented bioterror probe. Source: USA Today Hot Site, Dec. 12, 2001.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Anthrax
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,76852,00.html
What is it? How is it spread? What Are the Symptoms of Exposure? How Is It Treated? Who Has It/Where Can It Be Found? Courtesy of Fox News.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Anthrax As a Biological Weapon
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/281/18/1735
Of the numerous biological agents that may be used as weapons, the Working Group on Civilian Biodefense has identified a limited number of organisms that could cause disease and deaths in sufficient numbers to cripple a city or region. Anthrax is one of the most serious of these diseases.
High hopes were once vested in the Biological Weapons and Toxins Convention, which prohibited offensive biological weapons research or production and was signed by most countries. However, Iraq and the former Soviet Union, both signatories of the convention, have subsequently acknowledged having offensive biowarfare programs; a number of other countries are believed to have such programs, as have some autonomous terrorist groups. The possibility of a terrorist
attack using bioweapons would be especially difficult to predict, detect, or prevent, and thus, it is among the most feared terrorist scenarios.
Biological agents have seldom been dispersed in aerosol form, the exposure mode most likely to inflict widespread disease. Therefore, historical experience provides little information about the potential impact of a biological attack or the possible efficacy of postattack measures such as vaccination, antibiotic therapy, or quarantine. Policies and strategies must therefore rely on interpretation and extrapolation from an incomplete knowledge base. The Working Group on Civilian Biodefense reviewed the available literature and expertise and developed consensus recommendations for medical and public health measures to be taken following such an attack.
Source: May 12, 1999 issue of JAMA.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Anthrax Attacks, Biological Terrorism, and Preventive Responses
http://www.rand.org/publications/CT/CT186/CT186.pdf
This report presents testimony before the Senate Subcommittee on Technology, Terrorism, and Government Information on the use of anthrax as a biological terror attack via the U.S. mail, including specific discussion of the threat of bioterrorism and preventive measures to diminish the proliferation of biological agents to states and terrorists. RAND, November 2001
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Anthrax Discovery Guide
http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/anthrax/overview.php
A compilation of information by Roberta Gardner, Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, Nov. 2001.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Anthrax Vaccine Immunization Program
http://www.anthrax.osd.mil/
The official DOD website for the anthrax vaccine immuization progran run by BioPort in Lansing, Michigan. Includes information about the threat, the disease, and the vaccine, plus lots of references to research articles, many of which have online links.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
As Bioterror Threat Grows, Federal Capacity to Respond Shrinks
http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/0703/070803kp1.htm
Article by Katherine McIntire Peters appearing in GovExec.com, July 8, 2003.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Basic Information on Building Protection
http://web.archive.org/web/20041009234230/http://buildingprotection.sbccom.army.mil/basic/index.htm
Documents and links courtesy of the U.S. Army Soldier and Biological Command (SBCCOM) Online. Still available thanks to the Internet Archive.
Also listed under Emergency Management.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Biodefense: A Need for Public Understanding and the Critical Role of Science Teachers
http://science-education.nih.gov/WebPages.nsf/WebPages/Biodefense+Insert/$File/Biodefense+Section.pdf
In the light of the recent concerns over the threat and possibility of bioterrorism, the Office of Science Education at the National Institutes of Health has recently released this informative pamphlet (originally published in fall 2002) for teachers hoping to broaden the topic in the classroom. The publication itself gives teacher an opportunity to discuss how public health decisions are made, explain the role of vaccination in public health, and how to effectively address student concerns about bioterrorist attacks. Many of the pieces in the pamphlet were written by Robert Taylor, a science journalist and editor who taught high school chemistry before returning to take his PhD in chemistry from Georgetown University. Other pieces in the publication include an interview with Anthony Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infection Diseases and an extended piece about smallpox. Educators and the general public will find this 12-page publication informative, both in terms of providing substantive scientific information and in dispelling popular misconceptions about bioterrorism. Source: Scout Report, May 16, 2003.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Biodefense and Bioterrorism
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/biodefenseandbioterrorism.html
A Medline Plus compilation with categories such as news, overviews, treatment, prevention/screening, pictures/diagrams, alternative therapy, coping, related issues, research, dictionaries/glossaries, directories, organizations, law and policy, and children.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Biodefense Reference Library
http://www.humanitarian.net/biodefense
The Biodefense Reference Library is a collaborative initiative of international medical, veterinary and scientific experts to share information and enhance academic discussion of issues associated with preparedness, response, mitigation and policy. Sponsored by the Humanitarian Resource Institute.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Biologic Terrorism - Responding to the Threat
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol3no2/downruss.htm
The growing awareness of the possibility that a terrorist organization might use a biologic agent in an attack on a civilian target in the United States raises important questions about our capability as a nation to respond effectively to the threat and to deal with the consequences of an attack. The article by Kaufmann et al. in the April-June 1997 issue of Emerging Infectious Diseases describes three possible biologic attack scenarios and uses an
economic analysis to describe the benefits of a rapid medical response and early intervention. The authors conclude that major reductions in morbidity and mortality and consequent cost savings can be achieved by early intervention. The effectiveness of postattack intervention depends on a rapid response which requires prior planning, preparation, and training. Achieving the level of preparedness implied by the assumptions stated in the article will require a major national effort. This discussion of possible bioterrorist attack scenarios adds to a growing concern about our willingness as a nation to commit the effort and resources necessary to
protect our citizens.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Biological and Chemical Terrorism: Strategic Plan for Preparedness and Response
Recommendations of the CDC Strategic Planning Workgroup
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr4904a1.htm
The U.S. national civilian vulnerability to the deliberate use of biological and chemical agents has been highlighted by recognition of substantial biological weapons development programs and arsenals in foreign countries, attempts to acquire or possess biological agents by militants, and high-profile terrorist attacks. Evaluation of this vulnerability has focused on the role public health will have detecting and managing the probable covert biological terrorist incident with the realization that the U.S. local, state, and federal infrastructure is already strained as a result of other important public health problems. In partnership with representatives for local and state health departments, other federal agencies, and medical and public health professional associations, CDC has developed a strategic plan to address the deliberate dissemination of biological or chemical agents. The plan contains recommendations to reduce U.S. vulnerability to biological and chemical terrorism --- preparedness planning, detection and surveillance, laboratory analysis, emergency response, and communication systems. Training and research are integral components for achieving these recommendations. Success of the plan hinges on strengthening the relationships between medical and public health professionals and on building new partner-ships with emergency management, the military, and law enforcement professionals.
MMWR 49 (RR04): 1-14. April 21, 2000.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Biological and Chemical Weapons: PAIS Hot Topic (January 2002)
http://web.archive.org/web/20040611235036/http://www.pais.org/hottopics/2002/January/index.stm
Among the workers immediately sorting through the rubble of the September 11, 2001 attacks were biohazard specialists taking samples to test whether biological agents had been inside the terrorists' baggage. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), no evidence of a biological agent release was found. Days later, however, on October 4, a photo editor at the Lantana, Florida-based company American Media died after he inhaled anthrax spores sent in an envelope to his company via the US Postal Service. The death was the first fatal case of anthrax in the US since 1976. The envelopes in which the white anthrax powder was sent appeared, from the handwriting, to have been addressed by the same person, and were sent notably to US Senator Tom Daschle and ABC News anchor Tom Brokaw. Since the start of the bioterrorist mailings, the more dangerous inhalation anthrax has killed four; the less dangerous cutaneous, or skin form, of the disease has sickened dozens of others.
Explore this web page and find Public Affairs Information Service database citations as well as links to related web sites.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Biological Attack : Human Pathogens, Biotoxins, and Agricultural Threats
http://www.securitymanagement.com/library/biological_attack0805.pdf
Even four years after the anthrax attacks, the public doesn’t have a good sense of the types, symptoms, treatment, and lethality of biological agents. The National Academies and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security have released a fact sheet that includes a grid depicting the characteristics of various agents. For example, tularemia has a typical incubation period of three to six days; is characterized by fever, cough, pneumonia, and headache; is not contagious; is moderately lethal if not treated; lasts for months in moist soil; lacks an up-to-date vaccine; and can be treated by antibiotics.
(Last checked 09/15/05)
Biological Attack : Human Pathogens, Biotoxins, and Agricultural Threats
http://www.nae.edu/NAE/pubundcom.nsf/weblinks/CGOZ-6C2MCR/$file/Biological%20Attack%2006.pdf
Where do biological agents originate? What's the difference between "infectious" and "contagious"?How long after exposure will symptoms appear? A fact sheet on one of four types of terrorist attacks prepared by The National Academies. Designed primarily for reporters as part of the project News and Terrorism: Communicating in a Crisis, though they will be helpful to anyone looking for a clear explanation of the fundamentals of science, engineering, and health related to such attacks. National Research Council Division on Earth and Life Studies.
(Last checked 07/13/06)
Biological Attack Likely by 2020, Report Warns
http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/0105/011405gsn2.htm
A terrorist group is "likely" to conduct an attack using biological weapons by 2020, according to a report released Thursday by a CIA think tank. Over the next 15 years, successes in the global war on terrorism and advances in information technology are likely to result in an increasingly "decentralized" terrorist threat, consisting of an "eclectic array of groups, cells and individuals," says the report, prepared by the National Intelligence Council. While influenced by al-Qaeda, such smaller groups are expected to overshadow the terrorist organization by 2020 and could recruit new members through the war in Iraq and other possible conflicts, the report says. Article by Mike Nartker, Global Security Newswire, appearing in GovExec.Com Today, January 17, 2005.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Biological Threat
http://www.ready.gov/america/beinformed/biological.html
A biological attack is the deliberate release of germs or other biological substances that can make you sick. Many agents must be inhaled, enter through a cut in the skin or be eaten to make you sick. Some biological agents, such as anthrax, do not cause contagious diseases. Others, like the smallpox virus, can result in diseases you can catch from other people. Courtesy of the
Department of Homeland Security's Ready.gov web page.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Biological Warfare
http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/enviro/biologicalwarfare.html
Biological pathogens released intentionally or accidentally, or naturally occurring, can result in disease or death. Recent terrorist attacks in the United States and elsewhere have prompted
widespread and justified societal concerns about the hostile use of biological agents and their potential threats to health. Human exposure to these agents may occur through inhalation, skin (cutaneous) exposure, or ingestion of contaminated food or water. Following exposure, physical symptoms may be delayed and sometimes confused with naturally occurring illnesses. Biological warfare agents may persist in the environment and cause problems some time after their release. The selective list of agents below fall into four major groups, three classes of microorganisms - bacteria, rickettsia, and viruses, plus bacterial toxins, which are poisonous chemicals produced by bacteria. Incubation period, duration of illness, symptoms, means of transmission, treatment, and prognosis, are among the types of information linked to. Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Biological Weapons: A Primer
http://micro.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/full/55/1/235?ijkey=enEHjLfv2n34o&keytype=ref
Robert J. Hawley, Annual Review of Microbiology and Human Genetics, 55:235-253. 2001.
Biological weapons are not new. Biological agents have been used as instruments of warfare and terror for thousands of years to produce fear and harm in humans, animals, and plants. Because they are invisible, silent, odorless, and tasteless, biological agents may be used as an ultimate weapon—easy to disperse and inexpensive to produce. Individuals in a laboratory or research environment can be protected against potentially hazardous biological agents by using engineering controls, good laboratory and microbiological techniques, personal protective equipment, decontamination procedures, and common sense. In the field or during a response to an incident, only personal protective measures, equipment, and decontamination procedures may be available. In either scenario, an immediate evaluation of the situation is foremost, applying risk management procedures to control the risks affecting health, safety, and the environment. The microbiologist and biological safety professional can provide a practical assessment of the biological weapons incident to responsible officials in order to help address microbiological and safety issues, minimize fear and concerns of those responding to the incident, and help manage individuals potentially exposed to a threat agent.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Biological Weapons in the Twentieth Century: A Review and Analysis
http://www.fas.org/bwc/papers/bw20th.htm
This article reviews the history of biological weapons and the political and societal influences on their management. Milton Leitenberg, June 2001.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Biosecurity and Biodefense Resources
http://www.fas.org/biosecurity/resource/index.html
The Federation of American Scientists has created an internet resource for biosecurity policy, bioterrorism information, and biodefense research. The organizations listed here represent various perspectives on what actions individual scientists, research institutions, science journals, the public, and government can do to minimize the threat of bioterrorism while maximizing the benefits of life science research.
(Last checked 02/27/06)
Biosecurity and Bioterrorism
http://www.biosecurityjournal.com/
Subtitle: Biodefense strategy, Practice, and Science. Selected articles from the current issue are available free; all other articles need to be requests via interlibrary loan. Table of contents posted for Vol. 1, no. 1, 2003 to date . University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Center for Biosecurity.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Biosecurity: Limiting Terrorist Access to Deadly Pathogens (PDF)
http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks52.pdf
This report explores national and international efforts to prevent terrorists from acquiring dangerous pathogens and presents arguments for establishing global biosecurity standards. Jonathan B. Tucker, United States Institute of Peace, November 2003.
Also listed in Magic: our online catalog.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Biosecurity Measures for Preventing Bioterrorism
http://cns.miis.edu/research/cbw/biosec/pdfs/biosec.pdf
Bioterrorism—the deliberate use of microorganisms or toxins by nonstate actors to sicken or kill people or to destroy or poison food supplies—poses an uncertain but potentially devastating threat to the health and well-being of people around the world. This essay provides an introduction to biosecurity measures, key elements among policy efforts to address the threat of bioterrorism. Center for Nonproliferation Studies, 2002.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Bioterrorism Agents / Diseases
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/agentlist.asp
A compilation of resources compiled by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Bioterrorism and CAM: What the Public Needs to Know
http://nccam.nci.nih.gov/health/alerts/bioterrorism/
The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine's web site with information on prevention and treatment of disease caused by biological weapons. "As a component of the National Institutes of Health, the nation's lead agency for medical research, NCCAM is charged with exploring--in the context of rigorous science--CAM approaches and practices, and giving the American public reliable information about the safety and effectiveness of CAM practices."
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Bioterrorism and Emergency Response Preparedness of Local Health Departments in Kansas: 2003
http://www.kdhe.state.ks.us/news/web_archives/2004/download/bioterrorism_report.pdf
Kansas Department of Health and Environment. 2004.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Bioterrorism and Food Safety (Book)
Barbara A. Rasco, Gleyn E. Bledsoe. Boca Raton : CRC Press, c2005. 414pp. Main Library Stacks TX531 .R37 2005
Written by specialists in the fields of food bioterrorism and industry preparedness, Bioterrorism and Food Safety focuses on developing rational and implementable food security strategies. The book examines the risks associated with the intentional contamination of food. It provides implementation strategies to reduce food security risks and discusses the underlying legal issues tied to product liability and regulatory compliance. The text includes current hazards, provisions of the Bioterrorism Act, guidance documents from the FDA and USDA, and more. Risk management models are presented and workable strategies for addressing food safety risks are developed through case studies.
Bioterrorism and Mass Casualty Preparedness in Hospitals: United States, 2003
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad364.pdf
Reviews the content of hospital disaster planning since 2001. Most have updated plans for coping with nuclear, biological, chemical, and explosive incidents, but most do not have written agreements for cooperation with other local health facilities. From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Bioterrorism as a Public Health Threat
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol4no3/hendrsn.htm
The threat of bioterrorism, long ignored and denied, has heightened over the past few years. Recent events in Iraq, Japan, and Russia cast an ominous shadow. Two candidate agents are of special concern: smallpox and anthrax. The magnitude of the problems and the gravity of the scenarios associated with release of these organisms have been vividly portrayed by two epidemics of smallpox in Europe during the 1970s and by an accidental release of aerosolized anthrax from a Russian bioweapons facility in 1979. Efforts in the United States to deal with possible incidents involving bioweapons in the civilian sector have only recently begun and have made only limited progress. Only with substantial additional resources at the federal, state, and local levels can a credible and meaningful response be mounted. For longer-term solutions, the medical community must educate both the public and policy makers about bioterrorism and build a global consensus condemning its use. D. A. Henderson, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol. 4, Issue 3, July-Sept. 1998.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Bioterrorism: Coordination and Preparedness
http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d02129t.pdf
This report presents testimony before the House Subcommittee on Government Efficiency, Financial Management, and Intergovernmental Relations on the efforts of federal agencies to prepare for the consequences of a bioterrorist attack. U.S. Government Accounting Office, 2001.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Bioterrorism: Domestic Preparedness Suffers From Neglect Of Public Health Infrastructure
http://web.archive.org/web/20011102065047/
http://www.laskerfoundation.org/comment/11/
Compilation of commentary sponsored by the Mary Woodard Lasker Charitable Trust.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Bioterrorism Education for Medical Students:
Knowledge of Public Health System Key to Preparing Future Physicians (PDF)
https://services.aamc.org/Publications/showfile.cfm?file=version14.pdf
&CFID=816909&CFTOKEN=20b9387-6a578e8c-8d7b-43d4-a7de-9ae8bf1ae468
In this report, "Training Future Physicians About Weapons of Mass Destruction," the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) provides the first guidance ever issued to medical educators about how to prepare tomorrow's doctors to care for victims of bioterrorism and other weapons of mass destruction (WMD). According to the report, the nation's medical schools should thoroughly educate students about the public health and emergency services systems to ensure coordinated responses to WMD or other public health threats, and should incorporate WMD education into all four years of medical education. July 2003, 20 Pages
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Bioterrorism : Emergency Preparedness and Response
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/bioterrorism/
A compilation by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Bioterrorism: Federal Research and Preparedness Activities
http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d01915.pdf
This report describes the federal activities and funding related to the public health and medical consequences of a bioterrorist attack, details the coordination of activities among federal agencies and identifies any shortcomings in the current coordination structure, and reviews existing evaluations of the effectiveness of these activities in preparing state and local authorities. GAO Report, September 2001.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Bioterrorism in Michigan
A Framework for Evaluating Risk
http://www.healthteam.msu.edu/imc/Policy/Bioterrorism.pdf
http://www.healthteam.msu.edu/imc/Policy/BioterrorismSummary.pdf
William R. Beckman, Institute for Public Policy and Social Research and Institute for Health Care Studies at Michigan State University. Part of the Informing the Debate: Health Policy Options for Michigan Policy Makers series. The first document is the 25-page report; the second the Executive Summary.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Bioterrorism in the United States: Threat, Preparedness, and Response
http://www.cbaci.org/pubs/reports/bioterrorism_in_us/index.html
The Chemical and Biological Arms Control Institute (CBACI) presents the full text of the report "Bioterrorism in the United States: Threat, Preparedness, and Response." The report is intended to assist in the development of a strategic plan to prepare the United States for a possible chemical or biological terrorist attack.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Bioterrorism Information for First Responders
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/bioterrorism/responders.asp
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Bioterrorism: Information Technology Strategy Could Strengthen Federal Agencies' Abilities to Respond to Public Health Emergencies
http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-139
GAO-03-139
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Bioterrorism Links
http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/preparedness/bioterrorism/
Numerous web links courtesy of the Texas Department of State Health Services.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Bioterrorism Resources
http://www.apic.org/Content/NavigationMenu/PracticeGuidance/Topics/Bioterrorism/Bioterrorism.htm
The Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. (APIC), located in Washington, D.C., presents a collection of Internet resources about biological terrorism. The collection includes articles on such topics as anthrax, smallpox, medical management of biological casualties, defense against toxic weapons, strategic plans, and more.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Bioterrorism Resources
http://www.azhin.org/guides/resources_by_topic.cfm?name=Bioterrorism
Following are select Internet sites that have proven useful to the staff of the Information Services Department, Arizona Health Sciences Library.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Bioterrorism : Understanding and Preparing for the Threat
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/bioterrorism.html
Reproduces broadcasts about bioterrorism from the MacNeil-Lehrer News Hour in text and audio formats. Additional information covers a link to further data from the NOVA program and lesson plans for teachers.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Botulinum Toxin
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,76863,00.html
What is it? How is it spread? What Are the Symptoms of Exposure? How Is It Treated? Who Has It/Where Can It Be Found? Courtesy of Fox News.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Botulinum Toxin as a Biological Weapon
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/285/8/1059
This is the fourth article in a series entitled Medical and Public Health Management Following the Use of a Biological Weapon: Consensus Statements of The Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. This article is the only one in the series to feature a biological toxin rather than a replicating agent. Botulinum toxin poses a major bioweapon threat because of its extreme potency and lethality; its ease of production, transport, and misuse; and the need for prolonged
intensive care among affected persons. An outbreak of botulism constitutes a medical emergency that requires prompt provision of botulinum antitoxin and, often, mechanical ventilation, and it
constitutes a public health emergency that requires immediate intervention to prevent additional cases. Timely recognition of a botulism outbreak begins with an astute clinician who quickly notifies public health officials. Source: Feb. 28, 2001 issue of JAMA
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Botulism Reference Center
http://www.bioterrorism.slu.edu/botulism.htm
A compilation of quick reference materials, news articles, and various other internet resources related to botulism. Courtesy of the St. Louis University Center for the Study of Bioterrorism and Emerging Infectious Diseases.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Bush Signs Project BioShield Act
http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/07/20040721-9.html
President George Bush has signed the Project BioShield Act of 2004 and explained how it will help defend the country against biological attacks. “Project BioShield will transform our ability to defend the nation in three essential ways,” said Bush. “First, Project BioShield authorizes $5.6 billion over 10 years for the government to purchase and stockpile vaccines and drugs to fight anthrax, smallpox and other potential agents of bioterror. The Department of Health and Human Services has already taken steps to purchase 75 million doses of an improved anthrax vaccine for the Strategic National Stockpile. Under Project BioShield, HHS is moving forward with plans to acquire a safer, second generation smallpox vaccine, an antidote to botulinum toxin, and better treatments for exposure to chemical and radiological weapons.”
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Agents, Diseases, and Threats
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/index.asp
A comprehensive listing of agents, diseases and threats compiled by the CDC. The listing provides information and resources on many of the agents listed from Abrin to Yersinia pestis.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Biological Agents
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/agentlist.asp
The biological agents listed have been placed into three categories by the CDC. Category A Diseases/Agents are high-priority agents and include organisms that pose a risk to national security. Category B Diseases/Agents are the second highest priority agents and include those that are moderately easy to disseminate; result in moderate morbidity rates and low mortality rates; and require specific enhancements of CDC's diagnostic capacity and enhanced disease surveillance. Category C Diseases/Agents are the third highest priority agents and include emerging pathogens that could be engineered for mass dissemination in the future because of availability; ease of production and dissemination; and potential for high morbidity and mortality rates and major health impact.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/
Contains Interim Recommended Notification Procedures for Local and State Public Health Department Leaders in the Event of a Bioterrorist Incident, and other information from CDC regarding Anthrax, Botulism, Pneumonic Plague and Smallpox.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Strategic National Stockpile
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/stockpile/
The pharmaceutical stockpile program was created to ensure the availability and rapid deployment of life-saving pharmaceuticals, antidotes, other medical supplies, and equipment necessary to counter the effects of nerve agents, biological pathogens, and chemical agents. This web site gives details of the program.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Chemical Agents: Facts About Sheltering in Place
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/planning/Shelteringfacts.pdf
This fact sheet describes "sheltering in place" in response to a chemical incident. It outlines how to prepare the shelter, how to know when to shelter in place, and how to secure your safe room. Centers for Disease Control, 2003.
(Last checked 07/22/05)
Chemical and Biological Agents: Fact Sheet
http://travel.state.gov/travel/tips/health/health_1183.html
This fact sheet provides general information about chemical and biological agents and describes the U.S. Department of State's activities to prevent further anthrax attacks through the mail.
U.S. Department of State, 2001.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Chemical and Biological Contamination Avoidance
http://web.archive.org/web/20040605230424/
http://www.adtdl.army.mil/cgi-bin/atdl.dll/fm/3-3/fm3-3_6.htm
The avoidance of biological agents requires an understanding of what biological agents are, how they may be used, and what happens to them once they are released. Units can then anticipate when and where biological agents will be used. They can estimate where the hazard is located so avoidance procedures can be initiated. Chapter 4, Biological Agents (U. S. Army). Still available thanks to the Internet Archive.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Chemical and Biological Arms Control Institute
http://www.cbaci.org/
CBACI is a private, nonprofit, nonpartisan policy research organization established in 1993 to address the challenges to global security and stability in the early 21st century, with a special, but not exclusive focus on the elimination of chemical and biological weapons. The institute focuses on research, analysis, technical support, training, and education. This site includes the report, "Bioterrorism in the United States: Threat, Preparedness, and Response,? which seeks to contribute to the development and application of a framework for establishing national requirements for an effective response to threats. There are also links to other recent CBACI reports.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center
http://www.cbiac.apgea.army.mil/
Provides information and analysis on chemical warfare and chemical and biological defense, including advisories on anthrax, mail, and related topics.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Chemical and Biological Warfare
http://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/selected-internet/cb-warfare.html
Selected internet resources chosen by the Library of Congress.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Chemical Attack : Warfare Agents, Industrial Chemicals, and Toxins
http://www.nae.edu/NAE/pubundcom.nsf/weblinks/CGOZ-66JRHZ/$file/chemical%20attack%2006.pdf
What are the different origins of toxic chemicals that could be used? How do chemical toxicities vary? What are the practical steps to take if there's a chemical release? A fact sheet on one of four types of terrorist attacks prepared by The National Academies. Designed primarily for reporters as part of the project News and Terrorism: Communicating in a Crisis, though they will be helpful to anyone looking for a clear explanation of the fundamentals of science, engineering, and health related to such attacks. National Research Council Division on Earth and Life Studies.
(Last checked 07/13/06)
Chemical Emergencies : Emergency Preparedness and Response
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/chemical/
A compilation of resources compiled by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Chemical Threat
http://www.ready.gov/america/beinformed/chemical.html
A chemical attack is the deliberate release of a toxic gas, liquid or solid that can poison people and the environment. Courtesy of the Department of Homeland Security's Ready.gov web
page.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Chemical Weapons Improved Response Program Playbook
http://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov/training/Archived/
EPSSeminarReg/CD/documents/Weapons/cwirp_playbook.pdf
Guidelines for Responding to and Managing a Chemical Weapons of Mass Destruction Terrorist Event. Revised May 2003. 131pp.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Combating Terrorism: Assessing the Threat of Biological Terrorism
http://www.rand.org/publications/CT/CT183/CT183.pdf
This report presents testimony before the House Subcommittee on National Security, Veterans Affairs, and International Relations on biological terrorism—the feasibility and likelihood of terrorist groups using biological or chemical weapons and what the government can and should do to deal with biological or chemical threats. RAND, October 2001.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Emergency Responders Resources: Terrorism Response
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/emres/terrorresp.html
Information from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health on topics include Safeguarding Building Ventilation, Anthrax, Chemical Hazards, Bloodborne Infectious Disease, and World Trade Center Response.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
FBI Criminal and Epidemiological Investigation Handbook
http://www2.cdc.gov/phlp/ForensicEpi/docs/Crim_Epi_Hdbk.pdf
Handbook offers advice on encouraging cooperation between public health and law enforcement officials in the event of a natural disaster or terrorism incident. Courtesy of the St. Petersburg College National Terrorism Preparedness Institute.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Federation of American Scientists
Chemical and Biological Weapons Control
http://www.fas.org/main/content.jsp?formAction=325&projectId=4
This project promotes public understanding of threats from biological weapons. Our site is a comprehensive resource on chemical and biological treaties, organizations, laws and reports. We also strive to help biology researchers around the nation understand federal regulations meant to protect against misuse of their work. Our goal is to raise awareness of among bioscientists of their responsibility to prevent the misuse of their research.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Firefighter Quick Reference Guide for Responding to Chemical and Biological Terrorist Incidents
http://www.edgewood.army.mil/downloads/mirp/ECBC_fire_cb_guide_doj_final.pdf
U.S. Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command. September 2003. (44 pages, 1238 KB PDF)
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Firepower in the Lab: Automation in the Fight Against Infectious Diseases and Bioterrorism
Scott P. Layne, Tony J. Beugelsdijk, and C. Kumar N. Patel, Editors. Washington D.C. : Joseph Henry Press,c2001.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
First National Symposium on Medical and Public Health Response to Bioterrorism
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol5no4/pdf/v5n4.pdf
Special issue of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol. 5, no. 4, July-Aug. 1999.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Global Security’s Collection of GAO Reports on Nuclear/Chemical/Biological Terrorism
http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/library/report/gao/index.html#nuke-chem-bio
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Guidance for Filtration and Air-Cleaning Systems to Protect Building Environments
from Airborne Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Attacks
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-136/pdfs/2003-136.pdf
NIOSH DHHS (NIOSH) Pub No. 2003-136, April, 2003.
Also listed under Emergency Management.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Guidance for Protecting Building Environments from Airborne Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Attacks
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/bldvent/2002-139.html
This document identifies actions that a building owner or manager can implement without undue delay to enhance occupant protection from an airborne chemical, biological, or radiological attack. NIOSH, May, 2002.
Also listed under Emergency Management.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Guide for All Hazard Emergency Hazard Planning - Chapter 6, Terrorism
http://www.gsu.edu/~wwwsaf/hs/allhzpln.pdf
Also listed under Emergency Management.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Guide for the Selection of Chemical Agent and Toxic Industrial Material Detection Equipment for Emergency First Responders, Volume I
http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/nij/184449.pdf
NCJ 184449 provides an introduction to chemical agents and toxic industrial materials. Specifically, it discusses nerve and blister agents by providing overviews, physical and chemical properties, routes of entry, and symptoms of exposure. 70pp.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Guide for the Selection of Chemical Agent and Toxic Industrial Material Detection Equipment for Emergency First Responders, Volume II
http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/nij/184450.pdf
NCJ 184450 contains details on the 148 detectors and instruments referenced in Volume I of the guide. Information in this guide was obtained through literature searches and market surveys. 70pp.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Guide for the Selection of Chemical and Biological Decontamination Equipment for Emergency First Responders, Volume I
http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/nij/189724.pdf
NCJ 189724 provides information about the selection and use of chemical, biological, and toxic decontamination techniques and equipment for various applications. (NIJ) 96pp.
Also listed under Emergency Management.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Guide for the Selection of Chemical and Biological Decontamination Equipment for Emergency First Responders, Volume II
http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/nij/189725.pdf
NCJ 189725 contains data sheets to
support the decontamination equipment evaluation detailed in
volume I of this guide. (NIJ) 186pp.
Also listed under Emergency Management.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Guide for the Selection of Communication Equipment for Emergency First Responders
Volume 1 (64 pp.) (NCJ 191160):
http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/nij/191160.pdf
Volume 2 (422 pp.) (NCJ 191161):
http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/nij/191161.pdf
NIJ Guide 104-00, Volume 1 and 2, provides emergency first responders with information they
can assess when selecting communication equipment for use with chemical and biological protective clothing and respiratory equipment. (NIJ)
Also listed under Emergency Management.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Guide for the Selection of Personal Protective Equipment for Emergency First Responders (Percutaneous Protection--Garments)
http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/nij/191519.pdf
A first effort guide designed to assist the emergency first responder community in the evaluation and purchase of personal protective equipment. This volume focuses on percutaneous (skin) protection other than apparel (refereed to as garments, or specifically sutis, coveralls, and ensembles). Test data is included and while the guide does not provide recommendations or endorse any product, it does present information for the reader to compare and contrast commercially available personal protective equipment. Dr. Alim A. Fatah, John A. Barrett, et. al. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC: 2002. 559 pp.
Also listed under Emergency Management.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Guide to Strengthen Emergency Managment of High-Rise and High-Risk Buildings
and Other Resources to Help Building Operators Manage Emergencies
http://www.ofm.gov.on.ca/english/Publications/Guidelines/emergency_guide.htm
Preparation is the key to an effective response to any emergency. The guide stresses the necessity of establishing a planning team to prepare for an emergency and a response team to make key potentially life-saving decisions in an emergency. A well developed and rehearsed emergency plan, will ensure that the emergency plan is workable and effective. Communication between building owners/operators and emergency responders is essential to ensure that respective roles are clearly understood.
A Guide to Strengthen Emergency Management of High-Rise and High-Risk Buildings applies to human-caused and natural disasters, and includes examples of best practices for building owners/operators. The guide will help owners and operators of large high-rise buildings and high-risk facilities develop emergency management and evacuation plans for their buildings.
Solicitor General of Ontario, April 10, 2002.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Guidelines for Cold Weather Mass Decontamination
During a Terrorist Chemical Agent Incident
http://www.edgewood.army.mil/downloads/cwirp/ECBC_cwirp_cold_weather_mass_decon.pdf
Edgewood Chemical Biological Center. Revised August 2003. 35pp.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Guidelines for Responding to a Chemical Weapons Incident
http://www.edgewood.army.mil/downloads/cwirp/ECBC_cwirp_gls_responding_cw_incident.pdf
Edgewood Chemical Biological Center. August 2003. 39 pages, 913 KB PDF.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Gyre.org
Also called Global Security Newswire
http://www.gyre.org/
Tracking the next military and technological revolutions. Pulls together wire service reports on topics such as agroterrorism and bioterrorism.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Henry L. Stimson Center
Chemical and Biological Weapons Nonproliferation Project
http://www.stimson.org/cbw/?SN=CB2001112951
A project of the Henry L. Stimson Center, the Chemical and Biological Weapons Nonproliferation Project was launched by Senior Associate, Amy E. Smithson in 1993. The project aims to serve as an "information clearinghouse, watchdog, and problem-solver regarding chemical and biological weapons issues." As such, the site offers a number of resources including information on how much the government is spending on anti-terrorism, how to protect oneself against chemical and biological terrorism, and nonproliferation efforts internationally. The site offers text of legislation, articles, maps of selected countries (especially the United States, Russia, and Iraq), and much more. This should be a very valuable site for both researchers and general readers looking for background material on chemical and biological weapons, their production, and efforts to reduce their threats. Source: Scout Report, Sept. 28, 2001.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
The History of Biological Warfare
http://galenpress.com/extras/extra24.htm
Biological weapons are either living organisms that can reproduce, such as bacteria or viruses, or toxic materials produced by living organisms, such as toxins or physiologically active proteins or peptides. (Few biological weapons produce skin lesions; mycotoxin, such as was used in Kampuchea around 1980, is the rare exception.) Since they must be either inhaled or ingested, biological warfare (BW) agents must be dispersed as 1 to 10 µm particles or placed in food or water sources.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Homeland Insecurity: Building the Expertise to Defend America from Bioterrorism
http://www.ourpublicservice.org/usr_doc/
Homeland_Insecurity_-_Building_the_Expertise_to_Defend_America_from_Bioterrorism.pdf
The federal government’s capacity for anticipating and responding to a terrorist attack with biological weapons is diminishing at the same time the threat is growing. That’s the conclusion of a new report by the nonpartisan Partnership for Public Service, based on interviews with dozens of biodefense experts in and out of government and an analysis of staffing data at five key agencies. The report found that half of the federal scientific and medical personnel who work in biodefense at those agencies will be eligible for retirement over the next five years. The demand for experts in a number of areas, including genetics, epidemiology, communicable diseases, microbiology and pharmacology, is increasing in both the public and private sectors, while the supply of skilled personnel in those areas is decreasing.
Note: Cataloged with link in Magic.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Hometown Hospitals: The Weakest Link?
Bioterrorism Readiness in America's Hospitals
http://magic.msu.edu/search~/t?SEARCH=hometown+hospitals+the+weakest+link
A new report from the Center for Technology and National Security Policy at National Defense University uses a case study approach to describe the challenges facing rural hospitals as they attempt to simultaneously prepare for both bioterrorism and naturally occurring epidemics of emerging contagious diseases. According to the author, the findings of this report are “sobering” and “include a pervasive perception among study participants that major medical emergencies in America’s rural areas and heartland would quickly overwhelm the capabilities of their small hospitals.” The author provides this report to inform future initiatives intended to prepare America’s hospitals against threats to homeland security. Copyright request 2000.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Hospital Preparedness: Most Urban Hospitals Have Emergency Plans
But Lack Certain Capacities for Bioterrorism Response
http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d03924.pdf
Most of the country's urban hospitals do not have sufficient resources to handle a sudden surge in patients seeking medical attention because of a bioterrorist attack, according to a new report. Although 81 percent of the hospitals included in a new study by the General Accounting Office (03-924) have developed emergency response plans for bioterrorism, most also reported that they lacked enough medical equipment to treat large numbers of victims of a sudden terrorist attack. GAO surveyed 2,041 urban hospitals from May to September 2002. The availability of medical equipment, including ventilators, isolation beds and protective suits, varied among the hospitals GAO studied. "If a large number of patients with severe respiratory problems associated with anthrax or botulism were to arrive at a hospital, a comparable number of ventilators would be required to treat them. Yet half of the hospitals reported having fewer than six ventilators per 100 staffed beds," the report said. In addition, fewer than half of the hospitals surveyed have conducted drills simulating their response to a bioterror attack, GAO found. August 2003.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
How to Handle Anthrax and Other Biological Agent Threats
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/DocumentsApp/Anthrax/10122001Handle/10122001Handle.asp
Many facilities in communities around the country have received anthrax threat letters. Most were empty envelopes; some have contained powdery substances. The purpose of these guidelines is to recommend procedures for handling such incidents. CDC Health Advisory.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
How to Lead During Bioattacks with the Public's Trust and Help
http://www.upmc-biosecurity.org/website/resources/leadership/
A manual for mayors, governors, and top health officials.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Implications for Public Policy of the Threat from Bioterrorism
http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/alg02/
The threat posed by bioterrorism is real and deadly serious. The aim of this paper is to review the options for policymakers and informed citizens seeking to meet this new challenge.
Graham Allison, Harvard University, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs (BCSIA),
November 2003.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Industrial Chemicals and Terrorism:
Human Health Threat Analysis, Mitigation, and Prevention
http://web.archive.org/web/20010921082221/
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/OFP/terrorism/indterr.html
Terrorists, warring factions, and saboteurs use chemicals commonly found in communities in
industrialized nations to create improvised explosives, incendiaries, and chemical agents.
Common chemicals may be used because standard military chemical agents may be difficult or
dangerous to manufacture, access, or disperse. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) developed a 10-step procedure to analyze, mitigate, and prevent public health hazards resulting from terrorism involving industrial chemicals. The procedure includes identifying key information such as potential threats, local sources of chemicals of potential use to terrorists, exposure pathways, impacts on human health and infrastructure, health risk communication needs, and mitigation and prevention methods. The information identified during these steps is then incorporated into emergency response plans and training exercises. Results of applying the 10-step procedure to two communities are discussed. Still available courtesy of the Internet Archive.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Investigating Disease Outbreaks under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol6no6/wheelis.htm
The Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention prohibits the development, production, and stockpiling of biological weapons agents or delivery devices for anything other than peaceful purposes. A protocol currently in the final stages of negotiation adds verification measures to the convention. One of these measures will be international investigation of disease outbreaks that suggest a violation of the convention, i.e., outbreaks that may be caused by use of biological weapons or release of harmful agents from a facility conducting prohibited work. Adding verification measures to the current Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention will affect the international public health and epidemiology communities; therefore, active involvement of these communities in planning the implementation details of the protocol will be important. Mark Wheelis, University of California, Davis (Emerging Infectious Diseases, Volume 6, No. 6, November - December 2000)
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Law Enforcement Officers Guide for Responding to Chemical Terrorist Incidents
http://www.edgewood.army.mil/downloads/mirp/ECBC_leofficersguide.pdf
U.S. Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command. January 2003. 33pp.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Making the Nation Safe: The Role of Science and Technology in Countering Terrorism (2002)
http://www.nap.edu/books/0309084814/html/
See Chapter 4, Toxic Chemicals and Explosive Materials. The National Academies Press.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Managing Hazardous Materials Incidents Version 2001
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/MHMI/
The MHMI series is a three volume set (with a video) comprised of recommendations for on-scene (prehospital), and hospital medical management of patients exposed during a hazardous materials incident. Guidance from the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Managing Risk Without Precedent: Terror Attacks at Domestic Chemical Facilities
http://www.acusafe.com/Newsletter/Stories/0202NewsKamer1.htm
Since September 11th, industries and federal regulatory agencies have scrambled to address a risk that has no precedent in the United States - the deliberate, criminal release of large quantities of chemicals from manufacturing facilities, with the intent to kill civilian targets or inflict massive damage on the surrounding environment. Article by Larry Kramer.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Measuring and Evaluating Local Preparedness for a Chemical or Biological Terrorist Attack
http://www.rand.org/publications/IP/IP217/IP217.pdf
This issue paper examines local organizations' preparedness to respond to chemical and biological terrorism incidents. The authors advocate establishing nationally representative measures of local responder preparedness. Ronald D. Fricker, Jr., RAND, 2002
Also listed under Emergency Management.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Medem Learning Center: Bioterrorism
http://www.medem.com/search/article_display.cfm?
path=\\TANQUERAY\M_ContentItem&mstr=/M_ContentItem/
ZZZPF5U3WSC.html&soc=Medem&srch_typ=NAV_SERCH
These articles from the Nation's Medical Societies provide answers to some of the most commonly asked questions about the threats posed by biological agents.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook
http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/med01bio/handbook.htm
http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bluebook/Bluebook_htm.htm
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Medical Diseases, 4th edition, Feb. 2001.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Medical Management Guidelines (MMGs) for Acute Chemical Exposures
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/MHMI/mmg.html
Advice from the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry to aid emergency department physicians and other emergency healthcare professionals who manage acute exposures resulting from chemical incidents.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
MedlinePlus Anthrax Page
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/anthrax.html
(Last checked 04/09/07)
MedlinePlus Biodefense and Bioterrorism Page
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/biodefenseandbioterrorism.html
News concerning bioterrorism from the U.S. National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health. The site includes information on coping with anxiety, alternative therapy, prevention/screening, and other topics.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Method to Assess the Vulnerability of U.S. Chemical Facilities
http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/nij/195171.pdf
Presents a tool for assessing the potential security risks at chemical facilities, focusing on terrorist or criminal actions that could have significant national impact or could cause the airborne release of hazardous chemicals resulting in deaths and contamination. (NCJ 195171)
Also listed under Emergency Management.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Michigan Businesses Largely Unprepared for Bioterrorism Attacks
http://web.archive.org/web/20021028172028/
http://www.ur.msu.edu/media/releases/oct01/bioterrorism.html
News release by MSU Division of University Relations, October 18, 2001. Still available thanks to the Internet Archive.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Michigan Department of Community Health
Office of Public Health Preparedness
http://www.michigan.gov/mdch/0,1607,7-132-2945_21919---,00.html
All Americans should begin a process of learning about potential threats so we are better prepared to react during an attack. While there is no way to predict what will happen, or what your personal circumstances will be, there are simple things you can do now to prepare yourself and your loved ones.
The Michigan Department of Community Health's Public Health Preparedness Office is charged with protecting the health of Michigan citizens against chemical, biological and radiological threats. We focus on minimizing the threat to health from terrorist acts, accidents and other incidents ...
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Michigan State Medical Society
Biodefense Resource Center
http://www.msms.org/biodefense/
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Mustard Gas
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,76857,00.html
What is it? What Are the Symptoms of Exposure? How Is It Treated? Who Has It/Where Can It Be Found? Courtesy of Fox News.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
National Homeland Security Knowledgebase
Biological Emergencies Collection
http://www.twotigersonline.com/resources.html#biological-warfare-1
Includes:
Introduction to Biological Warfare
Understanding the Dangers
Biological Emergency Preparedness
Biological Emergency Response Programs and Organizations
(Last checked 04/09/07)
National Homeland Security Knowledgebase
Chemical Emergencies Collection
http://www.twotigersonline.com/resources.html#chemical-warfare-1
Includes:
Introduction to Chemical Warfare
Understanding the Dangers
Chemical Emergency Preparedness
(Last checked 04/09/07)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Biodefense Research Page
http://www.niaid.nih.gov/biodefense/
This web site includes information on biodefense-related information for biomedical researchers, the public, and the media. There are also links to current biodefense-related news.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
National Library of Medicine
Biological Warfare
http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/biologicalwarfare.htm
(Last checked 04/09/07)
New Presidential Directive 9 - National Policy on Agriculture and Food Systems
http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/02/print/20040203-2.html
January 30, 2004.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
New Scientist Bioterrorism and Bioweapons Special Report
http://www.newscientist.com/hottopics/bioterrorism/
In the last century, terrorists used violence to try to get power or approval. Nowadays, those who feel marginalised within the world economy, from religious extremists to the merely unhinged, increasingly just want to kill people or damage industries. So far they have struck
mainly with guns, bombs, and most recently, hijacked airplanes. But the perfect weapon for those who wish only to kill or destroy is germ warfare - and we might have little defence. New Scientist has charted the rise in concern about bioterrorism, including the current anthrax cases in Florida.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
North American Plan for Avian and Pandemic Influenza
http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/91311.pdf
The State Dept has published its new "North American Plan for Avian &
Pandemic Influenza" as part of the Security and Prosperity Partnership
(SPP) for North America. The SPP focuses on working together on issues
in the interest of Mexico, Canada and the United States and in this
case, the focus is on a trilateral plan outlining a collaborative
approach to mitigate the effects of a pandemic. August 2007.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Nuclear Threat Institute Research Library
http://www.nti.org/e_research/e_index.html
NTI designed the Research Library as a searchable online resource to allow easy access to the facts about the threats from nuclear, biological and chemical weapons, missile development programs and policies and terrorist activities. Whether you're seeking a simple explanation of a complex issue or looking for an in-depth analysis from a world-renowned expert, the library has a range of information including source documents, publications, vast databases of material, tutorials, and interactive maps and graphics.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Nursingworld: Bioterrorism and Disaster Response
http://www.nursingworld.org/news/disaster/
This site provides information from the American Nurses Association on how nurses can "better care for their patients, protect themselves and prepare their hospitals and communities to respond to acts of bioterrorism. Links to articles and organizations that have made major contributions on the subject of bioterrorism are provided."
(Last checked 04/06/04)
PBS NOVA Bioterror Web Page
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bioterror/
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Plague
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,76862,00.html
What is it? How is it spread? What Are the Symptoms of Exposure? How Is It Treated? Who Has It/Where Can It Be Found? Courtesy of Fox News.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Plague and Bio-Terrorism
http://www.benfieldhrc.org/disaster_studies/working_papers/pdfs/workingpaper10.pdf
Graham Twigg. Benfield Hazard Research Centre, Disaster Studies Working Paper 10, Sept. 2004. 16pp.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Plague as a Biological Weapon
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/283/17/2281
This is the third article in a series entitled Medical and Public Health Management Following the Use of a Biological Weapon: Consensus Statements of the Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. The working group has identified a limited number of agents that, if used
as weapons, could cause disease and death in sufficient numbers to cripple a city or region. These agents also comprise the top of the list of "Critical Biological Agents" recently developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Yersinia pestis, the
causative agent of plague, is one of the most serious of these. Given the availability of Y pestis around the world, capacity for its mass production and aerosol dissemination, difficulty in preventing such activities, high fatality rate of pneumonic plague, and potential for secondary spread of cases during an epidemic, the potential use of plague as a biological weapon is of great concern. Source: May 3, 2000 issue of JAMA.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Plague Reference Center
http://www.bioterrorism.slu.edu/plague.htm
A compilation of quick reference materials, news articles, and various other internet resources related to plague. Courtesy of the St. Louis University Center for the Study of Bioterrorism and Emerging Infectious Diseases.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Planning Guide: Improving Local and State Agency Response to Terrorist Incidents Involving Biological Weapons
http://www.edgewood.army.mil/downloads/bwirp/ECBC_bwirp_planning_guide.pdf
U.S. Soldier and Biological Chemical Command. Revised June 1, 2003 (60 pages, 802 KB PDF)
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Poor Man's Nuclear War: Biochemical Attacks
http://www.kimsoft.com/spy-biochem.htm
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Potential Biological Weapons Threat
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol5no4/kortepeter.htm
This article appearing in Emerging Infectious Diseases, July-August 1999 provides an overview of biological warfare by discussing the types of groups or individuals that might use biological weapons and the pathogens most effective as weapons.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Preparation and Planning for Bioterrorism Emergencies
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/bioterrorism/prep.asp
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Preparing for Terrorism : Tools for Evaluating the Metropolitan Medical Response System Program
http://www.nap.edu/books/0309084288/html/
Frederick J. Manning and Lewis Goldfrank, editors ; Committee on Evaluation of the Metropolitan Medical Response System Program, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Institute of Medicine.
Publisher Washington, DC : National Academy Press, c2002. 310pp. (Also available as print publication in the MSU Main Library.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
President Details Project Bioshield
http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/02/20030203.html
President Bush announced in February 2003 Project Bioshield, an effort to develop and make available modern, effective drugs and vaccines to protect against attack by biological and chemical weapons or other dangerous pathogens.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Protecting Buildings From a Biological or Chemical Attack:
Actions to Take Before or During a Release
http://securebuildings.lbl.gov/images/BldgAdvice.pdf
LBNL/PUB-51959. Lawrence Berkeley Labs. January 10, 2003.
Also listed under Bioterrorism.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Protection for Emergency First Responders
An Introduction to Biological Agent Detection Equipment for Emergency First Responders
http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/nij/190747.pdf
NCJ 190747 discusses the various biological agents that are currently a threat to law enforcement officers and the general public along with elements that have an affect on these agents. This document also lists the necessary parts needed to develop equipment and machines to combat this threat and the evaluation of equipment that is currently available. (NIJ) 64pp.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Public Health Response to Biological and Chemical Weapons: WHO Guidance (2004)
http://www.who.int/csr/delibepidemics/biochemguide/en/
The Public health response to biological and chemical weapons: WHO guidance has been revised and published in 2004. This second edition of WHO's 1970 publication Health aspects of biological and chemical weapons includes information designed to guide preparedness for and response to the deliberate use of biological and chemical agents that affect health.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Ready or Not? Protecting the Public's Health from Diseases, Disasters, and Bioterrorism (2005)
http://healthyamericans.org/reports/bioterror05/bioterror05Report.pdf
Trust for America's Health. December 2005. 84pp.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Ready or Not? Protecting the Public's Health from Diseases, Disasters, and Bioterrorism (2006)
http://healthyamericans.org/reports/bioterror06/BioTerrorReport2006.pdf
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Ready or Not? Protecting the Public's Health in the Age of Bioterrorism
http://healthyamericans.org/reports/bioterror04/BioTerror04Report.pdf
The nation's public health system is still woefully unprepared to handle a biological terrorism attack, according to a report released Tuesday by the Trust for America's Health. The organization, a nonpartisan public health watchdog, sharply criticized a lack of leadership from the federal government and the absence of an overarching strategy to deal with an attack. "More than three years after 9/11, there is no clear definition for what the public should expect as protection in the event of bioterrorist attack or public health emergency," the group said in the report, Ready or Not? Protecting the Public's Health in the Age of Bioterrorism - 2004. "There are no real performance standards in place to assess how well the public would be protected in the event of such tragedies." Dec. 2004. 72pp.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Ready.gov (U.S. Department of Homeland Security)
http://ready.gov/
This government web site provides information on how to prepare for and react to a terrorist event. The site includes basic information on biological and chemical threats; making a kit for emergency situations; as well as how to react if an explosion, radiation threat, or nuclear blast occurs.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Report Cites Increased Risk of Terrorist Attack Using Chemicals
http://www.govexec.com/story_page.cfm?articleid=31976&dcn=e_gvet
Security experts say the risk of a terrorist attack involving chemical weapons remains relatively small but is increasing, while many chemical facilities in the United States still lack adequate safeguards almost four years after 9/11, according to a recent congressional report. The Environmental Protection Agency reported in June that about 600 U.S. chemical facilities have vulnerability zones where more than 100,000 people could be affected in the event of a "worst-case" attack, according to a Congressional Research Service report. And about 2,200 other facilities potentially threaten between 10,000 and 100,000 residents. CRS concluded, however, that EPA methodology used for calculating the affected population may understate the potential worst-case consequences of a terrorist attack. "Because few terrorist attacks have been attempted against chemical facilities in the United States, the risk of death and injury in the near future is estimated to be low, relative to the likelihood of accidents at such facilities or attacks on other targets using conventional weapons," states the report, which was obtained and published by the American Federation of Scientists' Project on Government Secrecy. "For any individual facility, the risk is very small, but risks may be increasing with potentially severe consequences for human health and the environment. Available evidence indicates that many chemical facilities may lack adequate safeguards."
(Last checked 08/15/05)
Responding First to Bioterrorism
http://www.nap.edu/shelves/first/
Expert-selected Web resources for "First Responders" on bioterrorism and public safety, with a search engine of more than 3,000 related Web pages. Courtesy of the National Academies.
Also listed under Emergency Management.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Responding to a Biological or Chemical Threat in the United States
http://www.state.gov/m/ds/rls/rpt/20042.htm
This pamphlet provides a broad overview of the chemical and biological terrorist threat. Drawing on the few lessons learned from the few chemical and biological incidents to date, it suggests some basic means of detection, defense, and decontamination. U.S. Department of State, November 2001.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Responding to the Threat of Smallpox Bioterrorism: An Ounce of Prevention Is Best Approach
http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa434.pdf
According to this report, the current containment strategy favored by the U.S. government to deal with the threat of smallpox may not adequately protect against an attack of bioterrorism. The report recommends preventive measures, including diluting the current stockpile of smallpox vaccine to increase the supply and making it available to the public. The Cato Institute, 2002.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Ricin
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,76861,00.html
What is it? How is it spread? What Are the Symptoms of Exposure? How Is It Treated? Who Has It/Where Can It Be Found? Courtesy of Fox News.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Ricin Fact Sheet
http://www.michigan.gov/documents/Ricinfactsforthepublic_55144_7.pdf
Courtesy of the Michigan Department of Community Health Office of Public Health Preparedness.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Ricin Reference Center
http://www.bioterrorism.slu.edu/ricin.htm
A compilation of quick reference materials, news articles, and various other internet resources related to ricin. Courtesy of the St. Louis University Center for the Study of Bioterrorism and Emerging Infectious Diseases.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Ricin: Technical Background and Potential Role in Terrorism
http://www.fas.org/irp/crs/RS21383.pdf
http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/30045.pdf
Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service report RS21383 by Dana Shea and Frank Gottron, updated February 4, 2004.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Royal Canadian Mounted Police University
Criminal/Terrorist Use of Chemical/Biological Agents
http://www.rcmp-learning.org/docs/ecdd1022.htm
The probability of criminal or terrorist use of chemical and biological compounds is not high, but the consequences can be severe with high potential for large numbers of casualties. It is very important that police are aware of the potential problems that these incidents can pose and are aware of "indicators" that may be present at a crime scene or noted during an investigation.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Saint Louis University
School of Public Health
Center for the Study of Bioterrorism and Emerging Infectious Diseases
http://bioterrorism.slu.edu/
A very extensive collection of news, web links, online bibliographies on a whole range of issues related to bioterrorism.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Sarin
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,76856,00.html
What is it? What Are the Symptoms of Exposure? How Is It Treated? Who Has It/Where Can It Be Found? Courtesy of Fox News.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Sheltering in Place: How to Find Temporary Shelter in Case of Emergency
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/planning/shelteringfacts.asp
Some kinds of accidents or attacks may make going outdoors dangerous. Leaving the area might take too long or put people in harm’s way. In such a case it may be safer for people to stay indoors than to go outside. “Sheltering in place” is when people make a shelter out of the place they are in. It is a way for people to make the building as safe as possible to protect themselves until help arrives. CDC Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response.
Also listed under Emergency Management.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Small Scale Terrorist Attacks:
Using Chemical and Biological Agents:
An Assessment Framework and Preliminary Comparisons
http://www.fas.org/irp/crs/RL32391.pdf
Dana A. Shea and Framl Gottron, Congressional Research Service, May 20, 2004. RL32391. 89pp.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Smallpox
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,76860,00.html
What is it? How is it spread? What Are the Symptoms of Exposure? How Is It Treated? Who Has It/Where Can It Be Found? Courtesy of Fox News.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Smallpox as a Biological Weapon
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/281/22/2127
This is the second article in a series entitled Medical and Public Health Management Following the Use of a Biological Weapon: Consensus Statements of the Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. The working group has identified a limited number of widely known organisms that could cause disease and deaths in sufficient numbers to cripple a city or region. Smallpox is one of the most serious of these diseases.
If used as a biological weapon, smallpox represents a serious threat to civilian populations because of its case-fatality rate of 30% or more among unvaccinated persons and the absence of specific therapy. Although smallpox has long been feared as the most devastating of all infectious diseases,2 its potential for devastation today is far greater than at any previous time. Routine vaccination throughout the United States ceased more than 25 years ago. In a now highly susceptible, mobile population, smallpox would be able to spread widely and rapidly throughout this country and the world. Source: June 9, 1999 issue of JAMA.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Smallpox Reference Center
http://www.bioterrorism.slu.edu/smallpox.htm
A compilation of quick reference materials, news articles, and various other internet resources related to smallpox. Courtesy of the St. Louis University Center for the Study of Bioterrorism and Emerging Infectious Diseases.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Soman
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,76855,00.html
What is it? What Are the Symptoms of Exposure? How Is It Treated? Who Has It/Where Can It Be Found? Courtesy of Fox News.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Tabun
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,76864,00.html
What is it? What Are the Symptoms of Exposure? How Is It Treated? Who Has It/Where Can It Be Found? Courtesy of Fox News.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Terrorism and Bioterrorism: Nursing Preparedness
http://www.icn.ch/matters_bio.htm
This International Council of Nurses policy paper on Disaster Preparedness outlines "actions, including risk assessment and multi-disciplinary management strategies, as critical to the delivery of effective responses to the short, medium, and long-term health needs of a disaster-stricken population."
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Terrorism and Security Issues Facing the Water Infrastructure Sector
http://www.ncseonline.org/NLE/CRS/abstract.cfm?NLEid=313
CRS Report RS32189, Claudia Copeland and Betsy Cody, updated Jan. 24, 2006.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Terrorism Resources for the Health Care Community - Recent Articles
http://www.hshsl.umaryland.edu/resources/terrorismbib.html
This is a selected list of journal article citations on terrorism from the current medical literature. The list is updated monthly by the University of Maryland Health Sciences and Human Services Library.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
The Threat of Bioterrorism in the United States
Assessing the Adequacy of the Federal Law Related to Dangerous Biologic Agents
http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?
dbname=106_house_hearings&docid=f:57449.wais
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Commerce. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Hearing 106-19. May 20, 1999.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Toxic Warfare
http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1572/MR1572.pdf
This report examines "toxic warfare," the use of inexpensive chemicals and industrial waste in weaponry. It presents examples of where and how toxic weapons have been used in the past decade, analyzing U.S. operations during toxic warfare and current thinking in the United States about toxic weapons with respect to both military operations and homeland security. The final chapter offers recommendations for military and civilian crisis response planning. RAND, 2002.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Triage for Civil Support:
Using Military Medical Assets to Respond to Terrorist Attacks
http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2004/RAND_MG217.pdf
"Even before September 11, 2001, threat assessments suggested that the United States should prepare to respond to terrorist attacks inside its borders. This monograph examines the use of military medical assets to support civil authorities in the aftermath of a chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, or conventional high explosives attack inside the United States. The authors focus on key questions, including under what circumstances military medical assets could be requested and what assets are likely to be requested." RAND Corporation.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Tularemia
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,76859,00.html
What is it? How is it spread? What Are the Symptoms of Exposure? How Is It Treated? Who Has It/Where Can It Be Found? Courtesy of Fox News.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Tularemia as a Biological Weapon
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/285/21/2763
Tularemia, a bacterial zoonosis, is the subject of this fifth article in a series providing recommendations for medical and public health management following use of various agents as biological weapons of terrorism. The causative agent of tularemia, Francisella tularensis,
is one of the most infectious pathogenic bacteria known, requiring inoculation or inhalation of as few as 10 organisms to cause disease. Humans become incidentally infected through diverse
environmental exposures and can develop severe and sometimes fatal illness but do not transmit infection to others. The Working Group on Civilian Biodefense considers F tularensis to be a dangerous potential biological weapon because of its extreme infectivity, ease of dissemination, and substantial capacity to cause illness and death. Source: June 6, 2001 issue of JAMA.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Tularemia Reference Center
http://www.bioterrorism.slu.edu/tularemia.htm
A compilation of quick reference materials, news articles, and various other internet resources related to tularemia. Courtesy of the St. Louis University Center for the Study of Bioterrorism and Emerging Infectious Diseases.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine
Homeland Security Page
http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/HomelandSecurity/
(Last checked 04/09/07)
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
http://www.usamriid.army.mil/
Home page for USAMRIDD,the Department of Defense's lead laboratory for medical aspects of biological warfare defense. "USAMRIID conducts research to develop vaccines, drugs and diagnostics for laboratory and field use. In addition to developing medical countermeasures, USAMRIID formulates strategies, information, procedures, and training programs for medical defense against biological threats."
(Last checked 04/09/07)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention Office
http://yosemite.epa.gov/oswer/ceppoweb.nsf/content/index.html
The USEPA CEPPO provides leadership, advocacy, and assistance to: 1) Prevent and prepare for chemical emergencies; 2) Respond to environmental crises; and 3) Inform the public about chemical hazards in their community.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
U.S. Food and Drug Administration Bioterrorism Page
http://www.fda.gov/oc/opacom/hottopics/bioterrorism.html
(Last checked 04/09/07)
University of Minnesota
Center for Infectious Disease Research And Policy (CIDRAP)
http://www.cidrap.umn.edu
Provides a wealth of bioterrorism information and is updated daily.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Center for Biosecurity
http://www.upmc-biosecurity.org/
Includes guidelines for preparedness to hospitals physicians and public health agencies, factsheets on various bio-agents, FAQ for the general public and "much, much, more..."
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Update: Investigation of Anthrax Associated with Intentional Exposure and Interim Public Health Guidelines
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5041a1.htm
Updates the findings of preliminary investigations of documented Anthrax cases in the U.S. since the September 11th attacks. This report also includes interim guidelines for postexposure prophylaxis for prevention of inhalation anthrax and other information to assist epidemiologists, clinicians, and laboratorians responding to intentional anthrax exposures. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, October 2001.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Viral Hemorraghic Fevers
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,76858,00.html
What is it? How is it spread? What Are the Symptoms of Exposure? How Is It Treated? Who Has It/Where Can It Be Found? Courtesy of Fox News.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Viral Hemorrhogic Fevers (VHF) Reference Center
http://www.bioterrorism.slu.edu/vhf.htm
A compilation of quick reference materials, news articles, and various other internet resources related to vhf. Courtesy of the St. Louis University Center for the Study of Bioterrorism and Emerging Infectious Diseases.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
VX
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,76872,00.html
What is it? What Are the Symptoms of Exposure? How Is It Treated? Who Has It/Where Can It Be Found? Courtesy of Fox News.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Will Duct Tape and Plastic Sheeting Really Work
Issues Related to Expedient Shelter-in-Place
http://emc.ornl.gov/EMCWeb/EMC/PDF/TM_2001_154_duct_plastic.pdf
Prepared by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory for the Federal Emergency Management Agency Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program, August 2001.
(Last checked 04/09/07)
Government Documents from a Different Era -- the Fifties
Before Disaster Strikes...What the Farmer Should Know About Biological Warfare. Federal Civil Defense Administration. August 1954. 19pp. Gov. Docs. Library FCD 1.6/4: H11-2
Civil Defense Against Biological Warfare. Federal Civil Defense Administration. November 1953. 42pp. Gov. Docs. Library FCD 1.6/3: 11-10
What You Should Know About Biological Warfare. Federal Civil Defense Administration. 1951. 30pp. Gov. Docs. Library FCD 1.2: B52
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