Index to Michigan Geography and Geology

This keyword index to Michigan Geography and Geology is a fan-based project designed and built by Kathleen Weessies, Geosciences Librarian at Michigan State University and Danielle Westphall, Geology and Geography Double Major at Michigan State University.

In addition to key concepts, this index also lists illustrations and maps.
Comments may be directed to Kathleen Weessies.

Michigan Geography and Geology. Edited by Randall Schaetzl, Joe Darden, & Danita Brandt. Graphics and GIS by Mark Finn. New York: Pearson Custom Publishing, 2009.

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | #

A

A horizon | 320, 326
About 12,000 years ago, the spruce forests and bogs in southern Michigan would have looked something like this [Figure] | 615
Absaroka megasequence | 130
Acadian Mountains | 52, 54
Acanthodians | 52
Acid soils | 334
Active factor | 317
Agassiz floods | 186
Age of the Crinoids | 56
Age of the Dinosaurs | 66
Age of the Fish | 54
Aggregate | 262
Aggregate | 51
Agriculture, diversity | 9
Airflow source regions for Michigan, by season [Figure] | 291
Airflow source regions | 290
Ajibik Quartzite | 32
Alberta cyclogenesis region | 291-292
Alberta cyclones | 292
Albion-Scipio field | 132, 135, 136
Alfisol | 326
Algonquin | 1
All the shop and store-keepers in Red Jacket village (now known as Calumet) were no doubt anxious every year for the break-up and removal of winter snow and ice [Figure] | 165
Alleghanian mountain belt | 62
Allendale delta | 178, 181
Alluvial fan | 153
Alluvium | 319
Alpena-Amberley Ridge | 253
Altithermal | 99
Alton Phase | 81, 82, 83
American Mastadon | 111
American Meteorological Society | 305
Amphibia | 106
Amphibians | 54, 56
Amygdaloid (flow top and lode) | 152, 157, 158, 162
Andesite | 13
Andromeda | 335
Anearobic | 26, 141
Anhydrite | 51, 55, 129, 132
Animal feeding operations (AFOs) | 218
Anna region, Ohio | 123
Annual patterns | 299-302
Annual production of oil and gas in Michiagn since 1925 [Figure] | 131
Anthracite | 62
Anthropogenic influences | 309
Anthropogenic | 121
Anticline | 129, 132
Anticyclone | 290-292
Antrim Shale | 128, 131, 136-137
Antrim-Charlevoix drumlin field (A10) | 650
Antrim-Charlevoix field | 264
Aphanitic | 13
Appalachian Mountains | 57, 60, 62, 63, 66, 70
Appendix A | 645-653
Appendix B | 654-672
Aquepts | 326
Aquifer | 224-235 (See also specific aquifer types)
Aquifer | 55, 57
Aquitard | 227, 241
Aragonite | 14
Archean | 17, 22, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 37, 106, 140, 656, 657
Arctic dryad | 96
Arctic environment | 96
Area of white pine, hemlock, and whit pine/hemlock forest types [Figure] | 616
Areas of Concern (AOCs) | 219
Armored shark | 53
Arsenic detected in drinking water wells [Figure] | 234
Arsenic | 234, 245
Artesian aquifer | 227, 235-236
Arthropod | 106
Artificial brine | 232-233
Aseismic region | 117
Ash | 99, 100
Aspen | 97, 98
Assessment by the Union of Concerned Scientists/Ecological Society of America (UCS/ESA) | 310
Asthenosphere | 34
At the Quincy mine location, the small T-shaped houses in the foreground, built during the Civil War, were still occupied by employees and their families 50-60 years later [Figure] | 165
Athens Subepisode | 81
Atlantic Mine event | 118
Atmosphere | 40
Atmospheric circulation | 288-299
Atmospheric refraction | 119
Atmospheric teleconnections and long-range forecasting [Focus Box] | 289-290
Atmospheric waves | 288-289
Au Sable River, a predominantly groundwater-fed system, flows over 320 km [Figure] | 213
Au Train Formation | 45
Au Train-Whitefish Channel (A7) | 648
August Creek in Kalamazoo and Calhoun Counties [Figure] | 208
Autotrophs | 26
AuTrain-Whitefish Channel | 185, 187
Avalonia | 52
Aves (birds) | 106

B

B horizon | 321, 322, 326
Back-arc Basin |34
Backdunes | 281-282
Balsam fir | 97, 332
Baltic mine | 166
Baltica | 40, 52
Banded Iron Formation (BIF) | 32, 140-141, 146
Baraga dunes | 284
Baraga Group | 31, 32, 33, 34
Baraga Plains | 284
Barrier dune | 280
Barrier reef See Coral reefs
Basalt flow | 20, 35
Basalt | 13, 318
Basaltic magma | 151
Base flow provides a significant portion of the total flow to many rivers in Michigan [Figure] | 212
Base flow | 210-211, 223
Basement rock | 16, 31, 122
Bass Islands Group | 51, 52
Basswood | 98, 99, 337
Batholith | 31
Bayport Formation | 55, 56
Bays | 1
Beach-heather | 336
Bed | 17-18
Bedrock aquifer | 224-225, 227, 228-235, 241
Bedrock aquifers of Michigan [Figure] | 228
Bedrock geology maps | 16, 658-660
Beech | 99, 100, 101, 102, 334, 337
Beech-Sugar Maple Forest | 100, 101, 332, 337
Beech-sugar maple stand in northern Michigan [Figure] | 337
Beetle | 106
Benification | 146
Bentonite | 46
Berea Sandstone | 130, 131
Bernabo's study of four lakes | 101
Bilberry | 334
Biofouling | 203
Biome | 96
Biosphere | 40, 42, 48, 51, 52, 56, 57
Birch | 98, 99, 100, 101, 615
Bituminous | 62
Black ash | 97, 615
Black cherry | 336, 337
Black gum | 332
Black oak | 336
Black River Formation | 132, 137
Black spruce | 97, 335
Black walnut | 332, 337
Blizzard | 305
Blowout | 279
Bluebeech | 97
Bluestem grass | 336
Body wave magnitude scale | 117
Body waves | 116
Bog | 100, 334-335
Bois Blanc Formation | 51, 52
Boreal forest | 96, 334-335
Boreal species | 332, 335
Boreal spruce phase | 98
Bottom topography of Lake Huron [Figure] | 252
Boundaries | 1, 2
Brachiopods | 44, 48, 56
Breccia | 64, 65
Brimley Phase | 77
Broad, flat, outwash plain near Schoolcraft, in Kalamazoo County [Figure] | 262
Brooks, Thomas | 143
Brown-headed crowbird | 349
Bruce Peninsula | 51
Bryophyte bed | 79
Bryozoa | 48
Bulldozer effect | 257
Buoyancy forces | 129
Bur oak | 336
Buried bryophyte bed in the northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan [Focus Box] | 81
Buried bryophyte bed near Peoria, Illinois [Focus Box] |84
Buried forest in northern Michigan [Focus Box] | 85-86
Buried forset bed in east-central Wisconsin [Focus Box] | 84-85
Buried organic mat near Cincinnati, Ohio [Focus Box] | 79-80
Buried soil in central Illinois [Focus Box] | 82-83
Buried soils in coastal dunes [Figure] | 282
Burnt Bluff Group | 137
Burt, William Austin | 139, 142
By 1910, the Houghton Country Traction Company had 43km of track [Figure] | 167

C

Cadillac interlobate highlands (A11) | 650
Calcite | 14
Calhoun, John | 161
Callixylon | 54
Calumet and Hecla (C&H) Conglomerate | 159, 162
Calumet and Hecla Mining Company | 162, 163, 168-169
Calumet and Hecla stamp mills used troughs or launders, like that shown on the right, to wash tailings or sands into Torch Lake [Figure] | 164
Calumet earthquake | 118-119
Cambrian | 24, 40, 41, 42, 48, 123, 130, 159, 656, 657
Cambrian explosion | 27, 42
Cambrian Fauna | 44, 48
Cambrian sandstones of the Munising Formation exposed along the shore of Lake Superior at Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore in the Upper Peninsula [Figure] | 44
Cambro-Ordivician Escarpment | 45
Canadian Climate Center Model (CGCM1) | 310
Canadian tiger swallowtail | 348
Carbon 14 dating | See radiocarbon dating
Carbonate leaching | 319
Carbonates | 14, 46, 48, 50, 51, 52, 55, 57, 63, 64, 130, 132, 155, 228, 229, 238, 249, 251, 252
Carbonifeous | 17, 57, 60, 62
Caribou | 110
Carmeuse Lime and Stone Quarry | 52
Cass, Lewis | 161
Castle Rock [Figure] | 52
Cedar | 99, 101, 616
Celestine | 51
Cenozoic | 17, 22, 60, 66, 174, 656, 657
Cenozoic Ice Age | 174
Central Lowlands | 249
Central Michigan Basin | 132
Central mine | 158
Chalcocite | 157, 159, 169, 170
Champion mine | 166, 170
Changes in friction/surface drag | 295
Changes in heat content | 295
Changes in moisture content | 295
Changes made to Michigan's boundaries [Figure] | 4
Changnon and Jones | 296, 297
Chapel Rock Member | 42
Charleston, MO earthquake | 123
Cheboygan bryophyte bed | 183
Cheboygan bryophyte bed | 96
Cheboygan event |119
Chinquapin oak | 332
Chippewa County Clay Plains, an important forage/hay growing area [Figure] | 319
Chippewa Indians | 161
Chocolay Group | 31-32, 33, 34
Classifications/nomenclature of glacial landforms and sediments [Figure] | 257
Clastic sediment | 62, 152, 153
Clayey soil | 319
Clean Water Act | 214, 219
Cliff mine | 158, 162
Cliff vein | 158
Cliffed dunes | 280
Cliffs Shaft Mine | 143
Climate | 288-311, 319-320, 332-334
Climate extremes | 303-304
Climate factor (cl) | 317
Climate scenarios | 309-311
Climate trends | 307-308
Climate variability/ change | 306-311
Climographs showing the average maximum, mean, and minimum daily temperatures, and daily temperature extremes, at four locations in Michigan [Figure] | 301
Clorpt model | 317
Closed canopy forests | 98
Close-up of ripple marks in the Mesnard Quartzite within the Chocolay Group [Figure] | 33
Club moss | 57
Coal | 56-57, 62, 63, 126, 145
Coal Age | 60, 66
Coastal dunes near Holland and Saugatuck (A15) | 652
Coastal sand dune | 275-283, 284, 285
Cochrane readvance | 85
Cockroach | 57
Cold, frosty morning in a swampy area of Luce County [Figure] | 320
Coldwater "Red Rock" layer | 132
Coldwater earthquake | 120
Coldwater shale | 230
Collingwood Formation | 48
Collingwood Shale | 128
Color plates | 654-672
Colorado cyclogensis region | 291, 292
Common minerals associated with native copper deposits of the Keweenaw Peninsula [Table] | 157
Comparison of mastodonts and mammoths from the Pleistocene of Michigan [Figure] | 109
Comparison of time-distance diagrams for Illinois, the Lake Michigan basin, and the eastern and northern
Great Lakes [Figure] | 73
Compensating Works | 197
Composite stratigraphic sequence in coastal dunes at Van Buren State Park [Figure] | 282
Compression | 116, 121, 122, 155, 156
Conceptual diagram of influence of the Great Lakes on weather and precipitation, especially snowfall [Figure] | 296
Cone of silence | 120
Confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs) | 218
Confined aquifer | 227
Confining material | 241
Confronting Climate Change in the Great Lakes Region, report | 309
Conglomerate | 152, 153, 158
Conifer species | 98, 334
Conifer swamps | 616
Conifer-Hardwood Forest | 332
Conservation Planning | 218
Contact metamorphism | 15
Continental air mass | 296
Continental climate | 319
Continental crust | 30
Continental Drift | 19
Continental glacier/ice sheet | 42, 48, 56, 150, 174-175
Continental ice sheets | 22, 254
Continental margin | 33, 37
Continental rift | 35, 151
Convergent margin/boundary | 19-20, 116
Conveyor belt effect | 257
Copper | 11, 35, 118, 119, 150-170
Copper Harbor | 153, 161
Copper Harbor Conglomerate | 153, 155
Copper Range | 160, 162
Copper Range company, early in the 20th century occupied much of the portage Lake shoreline, just
west of Houghton [Figure] | 167
Copper Range Consolidated Mine Company | 166, 168-170
Coral reefs | 50, 51, 52, 55, 56
Cordilleran ice | 174-175
Coring device | 92
Coriolis Effect | 288
Counties | 2
Cracking | 128
Cretacious | 17, 66, 123, 656
Crinoid | 48, 56
Crisp Point | 284
Cross section of a kimberlite pipe and its overlaying, disturbed strata [Figure] | 65
Cross-cutting relations | 17, 24, 28, 63, 175, 177
Cross-section of the Earth's interior, showing a plume consisting of hot rising mantle anchored at the
core-mantle boundary [Figure] | 152
Cross-sections showing evolution of the Lake Superior region form the time of native copper mineralization
to the present [Table] | 158
Cross-sections showing progressive development of the Midcontinent rift systerm [Figure] | 153
Cross-sections, showing progressive filling of the rift with lava flows and occasional interflow clastic sediments [Figure] | 154
Crude oil | 128
Cryoseismisms | 115, 119
Cryptoexplsion structures | 64, 65
Crystal Falls | 142
Cultural eutrophication | 217
Cumulative number of nonindigenous, aquatic species established in the Great Lakes [Figure] | 202
Cumulus | 296
Cyanobacteria | 26, 32, 140
Cyclogenesis | 291-292
Cyclogenesis regions and storm tracks for surface low pressure systems in the central and eastern US [Figure] | 292
Cyclone | 290-292

D

Dark surface of soils formed under grassland vegetation in St. Joseph County [Figure] | 321
Dead air barrier | 274
Deciduous forest | 100
Deciduous | 97, 98, 102, 317
Deep- ocean trench | 19
Deep River field | 132
Deerfield field | 131
Defiance moraine | 178, 181
Deglaciation stresses | 121
Deglaciation | 121, 122, 124, 174, 263
Delta | 270
Depth to the water table in Michigan, compiled from digital surface hydrography, topography, soils, and wetland data [Figure] | 226
Des Plaines | 183
Detriot River Group | 51, 52, 128, 241
Devonian | 17, 40, 41, 52-54, 63, 64, 65, 137, 656, 657
Diachronic time division (classification) | 70
Diagenetic or diagenesis | 63, 135
Diagram of a divergent tectonic plate boundary [Figure] | 19
Diagram of some of the major categories [Figure] | 276
Diagram of the three different types of convergent tectonic plate boundaries [ Figure] | 20
Diagram of wells in unconfined and confined aquifers [Figure] | 227
Diagram showing how organic materials are "cooked" into hydrocarbons [Figure] | 128
Diagram showing the main way that iron-bearing rocks become enriched in iron minerals via weathering and leaching [Figure] | 144
Diagrams depicting the succession of events that formed the Archean rocks exposed in the western Upper Peninsula [Figure] | 31
Diagrams depicting the succession of events that formed the Paleoproterozoic rocks exposed in the western Upper Peninsula [Figure] | 31
Diamond drilling | 143, 144, 145
Diamond pipes | 65
Diatom | 128
Diatreme breccias | 65
Differences in aquifer index values between the 0-6 m and 6-12 m depth increments [Figure] | 243
Digital elevation model of the northwest edge of Lake Michigan, showing the Au Train-Whitefish channel descending from onshore to offshore and connecting with the submerged Whitefish fan [Figure] | 186
Dike swarm | 35
Dike | 35
Dinosaurs | 57, 61, 66
Diorite | 13
Dip needle | 143, 144
Discharge | 210
Discontinuity | 120
Distribution of freshwater, saline water and brine in the Marshall sandstone aquifer [Figure] | 232
Distribution of inland lakes in Michigan, by county [Figure] | 207
Distribution of public water supply systems in Michigan [Figure] | 224
Distribution of Silurian bedrock in the Michigan Basin, and the location of the Niagara escarpment [Figure] | 50
Diurnal patterns | 302-303
Divergent margin/boundary | 19-20, 116
Diversion | 197, 199
Doline | 238
Dolomite | 32, 46, 63, 318
Dolomitization | 132, 135
Dolostone | 14, 45, 46, 50, 51, 225, 238, 241
Don Formation | 72
Door Peninsula | 50
Dow Chemical Company | 233
Dow, Herbert | 233
Dragonfly | 57
Drainage See Watershed
Drainage ditch on the Saginaw lake plain [Figure] | 322
Drainage divide | 210
Drainage reversal | 268
Drainage reversals in Michigan [Figure] | 268
Dramatic representation of the flow pattern within the retreating lobes of the Late Wisconsin ice sheet [Figure] | 256
Drawing of a Scott's moose in an open conifer forest [Figure] | 111
Drawings of the extinct Giant Beaver [Figure] | 110
Drift plain | 264
Drought of 1988 | 306, 307
Drought | 305-306
Drumlin | 264
Drumlins typical of the Antrim-Charlevoix drumlin field in the northwestern Lower Peninsula [Figure] | 265
Drummond Island | 51
Duck | 107
Dundee Formation | 52, 63, 130, 131, 132, 136
During the 19th and 20th century plunder of Michigan's
Dynamic ice margin | 70

E

Eagle Harbor | 153
Early Lake Algonquin | 182, 183
Early Lake Erie | 181
Early Lake Saginaw | 178, 180
Earth System changes, in terms of sea level and climate [Figure] | 41
Earthquakes | 115-124
Earth's largest lakes [Table] | 193
East African rift | 35
East Saginaw Salt Manufacturing Company | 232
Eastern Deciduous Forest | 330, 332
Ecotone dynamics: The last 2,000 years of vegetation change [Focus Box] | 101-
Ecotone | 100
Elevation of the bedrock surface in Michigan, with detail on the elevations for a portion of southeastern Michigan [Figure] | 251
Elgin Subepisode | 77, 79
Elk Lake | 206
Elm | 98, 99, 100
Empire Mine | 147
End moraine | 256-257, 258, 261, 266
Englacial drift | 256
Entisol | 318, 322-324, 326
Entry | Page number
Eolian landform/deposit | 276, 281, 283
Eolian sand | 319
Eon | 17
Eosphaera spiralis | 140
Epicenter | 115
Episode | 72
Epoch | 17
Equation of Hydrologic Balance | 195-196
Era | 17
Erie basin | 77, 79, 86
Erie Canal | 617
Erie lobe See Huron/Erie lobe
Erosional landscape on shale bedrock in semiarid American west [Figure] | 61
Erratic boulders | 71
Esker | 264-266
Estimated drawdown in bedrock aquifers 152.4 m away from a well [Figure] | 231
Estimated yield of groundwater from wells developed in glacial aquifers of Michigan [Figure] | 244
Eukaryotic | 27
Eurasian crop weed | 101
Euro-American influence | 101, 615-616
Europeans | 616
Eutrophic(ation) | 200-201, 216-217
Evaporite karst | 241
Evaporite | 14, 32, 51, 52, 55, 61, 129, 130, 132, 241, 251
Evapotranspiration (ET) | 332
Evidence for cooling and climatic conditions in Southern Ohio [Focus Box] | 77-78
Examples of groundwater conditions leading to artesian aquifers, wells and flowing wells [Figure] | 235
Examples of some well-formed sinkholes in the northeastern Lower Peninsula [Figure] | 240
Examples of two common types of glacigenic sediments [Figure] | 254
Existing diversions into and out of the Great Lakes Basin [Table] | 198
Expansive boreal stand on a very poorly drained site in Crawford County [Figure] | 335
Explosions | 119-120
Extant genera | 106
Extension | 116
Extent of drift sheets in the eastern part of the mid-continent of North America [Figure] | 72
Extrusive | 12, 13

F

Family Elephantidae | 107
Family Mammutidae | 107
Farmdale Geosol | 82
Farmdale Phase | 77, 79, 82, 83
Farmdalian Substage | 70
Farthest extent of Late Wisconsin ice advance, which occured about 23,000 years ago in Illinois and Ohio, but later at other points along the ice margin [Figure] | 175
Fault and gravity high map of southern Michigan, northeastern Indiana, and northwestern Ohio [Figure] | 122
Fault-bound basin | 65
Fault-motion | 115
Fauna | 106-113
Felsic | 13
Fenestral dolomite, Dundee Limestone, Fork Field, Mecosta County, MI [Figure] | 63
Field of young celery plants on a Histosol soil in Barry County [Figure] | 327
Fish of the Devonian Period [Figure] | 53
Fish | 107
Fisherman's Island State Park | 53
Fitzgerald Park | 56
Flint moraine | 178
Float copper | 160, 161
Floodplain | 208
Floristic tension zone in Michigan [Figure] | 333
Floristic Tension Zone | 332-333
Flowing artesian well | 235-237
Fold and thrust belt | 34
Foredune | 275-277
Foredune ridge | 275-276
Foreland basin | 34
Forest ecosystems | 351-353
Forest ecotone | 98
Forest soil (Alfisol), exposed in a ditch in Isabella County [Figure] | 321
Forest soil | 320
Forest tension zone | 100, 101
Forest | 330, 614-643
Formation | 17-18, 32
Fort Mackinac | 2
Fort Wayne moraine | 177
Fossil assemblage | 91
Fossil assemblage | 91
Fossil lemmings | 110
Fossil pollen record | 102
Fossiliferous lake deposit from the last interglacial [Focus Box] | 73-74
Franklin mine | 162
Freda Sandstone | 155
Front | 291
Future climate change | 309-311

G

Gabbro | 13
Garden Peninsula | 50
Gastropod (snail) | 106
General Land Office (GLO) surveyors | 616
Generalist species | 346-347
Generalized diagram showing the distinctions between, and characteristics of, unconfined versus confined aquifers [Figure] | 227
Geologic basement See Basement rock
Geologic map of the northern Great Lakes region [Figure] | 25
Geologic time scale | 17, 656-657
Geology of Michigan, title | 280
Geology of the exposed portion of the 1.1 billion year old Midcontinent rift system in the Lake Superior region [Figure] | 151
Geology of the exposed Precambrian rocks in the western Upper Peninsula of Michigan and northern Wisconsin | 29
Geology of the Keewenaw Peninsula, showing some place names used in the text [Figure] | 152
Geosphere | 40, 48, 57
Giant beaver | 110-111
Giant field | 132
Glacial aquifer | 224, 227, 241-245
Glacial drift/deposits/sediments | 60, 65, 69, 70-71, 128, 130, 143, 241-243, 245, 249, 254-256, 266-267, 274, 317, 319, 334, 615
Glacial Grand River | 178, 181, 182
Glacial Lake Algonquin | 263-264, 284
Glacial Lake Chicago (Glenwood, Calumet, and Toleston phases) | 178, 181, 182-183, 263, 268
Glacial Lake Duluth | 160
Glacial Lake Maumee | 177-178, 180, 182
Glacial Lake Saginaw | 263
Glacial unloading affects crustal stress and causes surface uplift [Figure] | 122
Glacier (Glaciation) | 31, 42, 69-86, 160
Global Climate Models (GCMs) | 309, 310
Global paleogeography during the Paleozoic Era [Figure] | 43
Global temperature anomalies from 1850-2005 [Figure] | 306
Global warming | 307
Gneiss | 15, 28, 30
Goethite | 140
Gogebic Lake | 206
Gogebic Range or District | 142-143, 147
Gold | 11, 35
Gondwana | 48, 56, 57
Goodrich Quartzite | 33
Graben | 151, 155
Grain size | 14
Grand Rapids event | 120
Grand River Formation | 57
Grand River | 206, 268
Grand Sable Banks, near Grand Marais, in the Upper Peninsula [Figure] | 250
Grand Sable dune field | 276, 278
Granite | 13, 28, 31, 318
Granitoid | 31
Grassland soil | 320
Gravimeters | 132
Graycalm soil | 324
Grayling Fingers (A12) | 651
Grayling soil | 324
Great Boreal Forest | 330
Great Depression | 169
Great Lakes Basin program for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control | 218
Great Lakes hydrologic system [Figure] | 196
Great Lakes ice cover [Focus Box] | 200
Great Lakes Regional Assessment (GLRA) | 309, 310-311
Great Lakes State, nickname| 1, 206
Great Lakes system profile [Figure] | 193
Great Lakes Tectonic Zone (GLTZ) | 28, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37
Great Lakes Tectonic Zone | 27
Great Lakes watershed, showing the watershed for each lake as well as the counties within the basin both in the US and Canada [Figure] | 192
Great Lakes | 1
Great Lakes | 174-187, 191-203, 295-298
Great Lakes-St. Lawrence drainage basin | 267
Greenhouse gases | 309, 310
Greenstone flow | 152
Greenstone, state mineral | 15
Greenwood Phase | 77
Grenville Front | 122
Ground moraine | 264
Groundwater Inventory and Mapping Project | 230, 241
Groundwater yields from bedrock aquifers in Michigan [Figure] | 230
Groundwater | 64, 144, 210-211, 213, 220, 223-246
Group | 17-18, 31, 32
Grypania spiralis | 27
Guildwood Phase | 77
Gypsum | 32, 51, 55, 61, 238, 241, 249

H

Habitat | 346-347
Hadean | 24, 26
Hail | 304
Halite | 51, 52, 132, 238
Hardwood forest | 616
Hardwood swamp | 100, 338
Head of outwash | 261, 268
Heads of outwash [Figure] | 260
Heat accumulation | 332
Heavy clay soil | 319
Hematite| 140, 141, 142, 143
Hemisphere temperature gradient | 288
Hemlock | 99, 100, 101, 102, 334, 616
Hemlock-dominated forest | 100
Henslow's sparrow | 350
Herbert Dow and Dow Chemical [Focus Box] | 233
Heterotrophic | 26
Hickory species | 332
Hickory | 98, 99
High perched dune | 276-279, 282
High Plains | 319, 326
High pressure system | 291
Historical variations in snowfall at Chatham and Bay City [Figure] | 309
Histosol | 319, 322-324, 326-327, 336
Holocene | 96, 98-102,184, 615
Homestead Act | 617
Homo sapiens | 111
Honey elfin | 348
Horizon (soil) | 315
Hornbeam | 98
Horsetails | 57, 58
Houghton dune field | 284
Houghton Lake | 206
Houghton, Douglass [Figure] | 11
Houghton, Douglass | 11, 139, 161
Houghton-Higgins lake flats (A13) | 651
Hudson Episode | 86
Hulbert, Edwin | 162
Human interactions with coastal dunes [Focus Box] | 280-281
Humid continental soil | 319
Hummocky topography | 223, 256, 258, 270
Humus | 320
Huron basin | 77, 79, 86
Huron mine | 162
Huron Mountains (A5) | 647
Huron River water gap at Ann Arbor [Figure] | 269
Huron/Erie lobe | 175, 177-178, 180, 249, 254, 258, 263
Hydraulic head | 236
Hydric site | 338
Hydrocarbon resources | 126-137, 155
Hydrologic cycle depicts the constant movement of water on, above, and below the Earth's surface [Figure] |209
Hydrologic cycle | 209-210, 217, 220
Hydrologic flow | 63
Hydroshpere | 40
Hydrothermal | 63
Hypocenter | 115
Hypsithermal | 99

I

Iapetus Ocean | 40, 52, 123
Ice Age | 22, 60, 66, 615
Ice cover changes at two different Great Lakes' locations [Figure] | 308
Ice quake See Cryoseismisms
Ice-contact outwash | 261
Ice-marginal landforms | 256-261, 267
Idealized geological cross-sections of four types of oil and gas traps that may be found in the Michigan Basin [Figure] | 129
Idealized structure of a midlatitude cyclone [Figure] | 292
Igneous intrusion | 20
Igneous rock | 12, 20, 24, 65
Illinois and Ontario chronostratigraphic classifications [Table] | 69
Illinois glaciation | 70-71, 86
Illinois River | 183
Image and range (2000) of the eastern massasauga rattlesnake in Michigan [Table] | 356
Image and range (2001) of the Karner blue butterfly in Michigan [Figure] | 351
Image and range (2007) of the piping plover in Michigan [Table] | 357
Image and range (2007) of the red-shouldered hawk in Michigan [Figure] | 353
Image of the Manistee River showing its current floodplain and three terraces [Figure] | 267
Images of the Grand Sable Dune Field, Alger County, Michigan [Figure] | 277
Images of typical glacial lake plains in Michigan [Figure] | 263
In the 1920s, a miner standing on rudimentary scaffolding runs a one-man drilling machine powered by compressed air [Figure] | 163
In the 19th and early 20th centuriesm Calumet & Hecla built rows of identical company houses for workers to rent [Figure] | 171
Inceptisol | 325-326
Incisor teeth | 110
Inhomogeneities | 306
Inland sea | 40, 42
Inner and Outer Port Huron moraines | 261, 262
Insect pollinaed plants | 92
Insect | 106
Insect/pathogen outbreak | 100
Insect-pollinated plants | 92
Insolation | 296
Intensity (earthquake) | 116
Interglacial | 82
Interior dunes in Michigan [Figure] | 283
Interior sand dune | 283-284, 285
Interlobate moraine | 258
Interlobate Uplands | 249, 662
Interlobate zone | 254, 258
International boundary as it currently exists along Pigeon Point and the St. Mary's River [Figure] | 5
International Joint Commission (IJC) | 197
International Lake Superior Board of Control | 197
International Seismological Center | 119
International Stratigraphic Commission (ISC) | 17
Interpolated aquifer index values for glacial deposits used for groundwater supplies [Figure] | 242
Interstadials | 69
Intracratonic basin | 50
Intraplate stresses | 121-122
Intrusive or Intrusion | 12, 13, 31, 123, 143
Inundation | 96
Invasive species | 218-219
Invertebrates | 53, 57, 106
Irish Hills (A17) | 653
Irish Hills | 251
Iron formations | 140, 142, 143, 144
Iron mining | 139-147
Iron Mountain | 142
Iron ore (taconite) pellets [Figure] | 146
Iron ore | 139-147
Iron range | 141
Iron River | 142
Iron | 11, 35
Ironwood | 97, 98, 99
Irving, Roland | 144
Islands | 2
Isle Royale (A1) | 645
Isle Royale | 160, 161
Isopoll | 93, 99
Isopolls | 93
Isoseismals for the 1947 Coldwater earthquake event [Figure] | 120
Isoseismals for the 1994 Eaton Rapids (Lansing) event [Figure] | 121
Isoseismals | 116, 120, 121
Isostatic rebound [Focus Box] | 180-181
Isostatic rebound | 195
Isostatic uplift | 181-182

J

Jack pine barren | 348
Jack pine | 98, 332, 334, 348
Jacobsville Sandstone of Mesoproterozoic age is the prominent building stone in this historic building, built in 1893 as the Supply Office for the Quincy Mine [Figure] | 36
Jacobsville Sandstone | 155-156
Jasper Knob | 32
Jawless ostracoderms | 53
Jefferson mammoth | 109
Jenny, Hans | 317
Jet stream | 288-290, 292, 299, 306
Juniper/cedar | 98
Jurassic | 60, 61, 62-63, 65, 66, 159, 656, 657
"Just a theory!" [Focus Box] | 21

K

Kalamazoo event | 120
Kalamazoo moraine | 182, 261
Kalkaska sand | 324
Kalkaska sand-Michigan's state soil [Focus Box] | 324
Kankakee River | 175, 182
Karner butterfly | 350
Karst aquifer | 240-241
Karst lake | 214
Karst | 238-241, 245
Karst | 64
Kaskaskia megasequence | 130
Kettle (lake) | 213, 255, 258, 261, 262
Keweenaw age mid-continent rift system | 115, 122, 151-170
Keweenaw Fault | 118, 155
Keweenaw National Historic Park [Focus Box] | 160-161
Keweenaw National Historic Park | 150
Keweenaw Peninsula (A3) | 646
Keweenaw Peninsula | 118, 150-170, 200
Key locations along the Wisconsin-Michigan boundary [Figure] | 8
Kimberlites | 65
Kirkland Phase | 182, 183, 184
Kirtland's snake | 350
Kirtland's warbler | 348, 349
Kitchner Lake area | 98, 100, 101
Kona Dolomite | 27, 32

L

Labrador tea | 335
Lac de Michigani du Illinois | 1
Lake Agassiz | 185, 186
Lake Algoma | 187
Lake Arkona | 180, 181
Lake Border moraine | 182, 183
Lake Border moraine | 261
Lake breeze | 297-298
Lake Chippewa | 184, 186
Lake Duluth | 185, 319
Lake effect | 295-298, 299, 303, 305
Lake effect snowfall | 297
Lake effect | 200
Lake Elkton | 181
Lake Erie [Focus Box] | 201
Lake Erie | 1
Lake Erie/Huron Basin | 177-182
Lake forest | 334
Lake Grassmere | 181
Lake Huron basin | 183, 184, 185, 267
Lake Huron | 1
Lake Lundy | 181
Lake Maumee plain | 263
Lake Michigan archipelago | 251
Lake Michigan basin | 83, 182-183, 184, 267
Lake Michigan lobe | 175, 182, 183, 261
Lake Michigan, name | 1
Lake mines | 164, 165
Lake Minong | 185, 186
Lake Ontonagon | 185
Lake Saginaw | 181
Lake Shore Traps | 153
Lake Stanley | 184, 185, 186
Lake Superior basin | 185, 186
Lake Superior mud | 142
Lake Superior | 1
Lake Warren | 181
Lake Wayne | 181
Lake Whittlesey | 181
Lake Ypsilanti | 180
Laminated sand near Waters, MI [Figure] | 13
Land breeze | 298
Land grant | 617
Landlooker | 617
Langford, Richard | 143
Lansing/Eaton Rapids earthquake | 120-121
Larch | 335
Largest producing oil and gas fields in Michigan, as of 1986 [Table] | 133-134
Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) | 175
Laurasia | 58
Laurentia | 40, 46, 52
Laurentide ice sheet | 174-175
Lava flow | 151, 152
Layers of Devonian limestone in Carmeuse Lime and Stone Quarry near Roger's City, MI [Figure] | 52
Layers of Mississipian sandstone in Jude's Quarry, Napoleon, Michigan [Figure] | 55
Layers of Pennsylvanian sandstone and coal in an abandoned clay pit, Fitzgerald Park, Grand Ledge, Michigan [Figure] | 57
Leaching | 318, 319-320
Leatherleaf | 335
Les Cheneaux islands of Lake Huron and the Munuscong islands of glacial lake Algonquin (A8) | 649
Leverett, Frank | 242, 266
Leverette and Taylor | 175
Lightening | 305
Lignite | 62
Like other areas of northern Wisconsin and Minnesota, much of the northern half of the Lower Penninsula and the Upper Peninsula remains largely forested today despite having been heavily logged [Figure] | 331
Lime Lake, in Leelanau County, is a clear, nutrient-poor oligotrophic lake [Figure] | 216
Limestone Mountain | 159
Limestone | 14, 45, 50, 52, 55, 56, 60-61, 63, 64, 65, 132, 135, 159, 225, 238, 240, 318
Liquefaction | 115, 123, 124
List of Michigan climate extremes [Table] | 303
Lithification | 13
Lithosphere | 12, 19, 34, 121
Little Ice Age (LIA) | 101, 102
Littoral zone | 263
Loamy soil | 100, 319, 337
Loamy texture | 326
Lobate margin | 70, 71
Lobe-finned fish | 54
Lobes and selected sublobes of the Late Wisconsin Laurentide ice sheet in the Great Lakes Region, showing the locations of major interlobate areas [Figure] | 252
Local magnitude | 117
Location of the 1.1 billion year old Midcontinent rift system of North America [Figure] | 150
Locations of flowing wells-both freshwater and saline-in Michigan [Figure] | 236
Locations of known Mastadon and Mammoth sites in Michigan, in relation to the Mason-Quimby Line [Figure] | 107
Locations of oil, gas and other deep wells in Michigan [Figure] | 127
Locations of oil-, gas-, brine-, and fresh water-producing strata within Michigan rocks [Figure] | 128
Locations of soluble bedrock units in Michigan [Figure] | 238
Locations of the major native copper deposits and generalized geologic structure of the Keweenaw Peninsula [Figure] | 155
Locations of water wells in bedrock aquifers in Michigan [Figure] | 229
Locations of wells completed into and next to Silurian Niagaran Pinnacle Reefs [Figure] | 135
Long-term fluctuations in lake levels of the Great Lakes [Figure] | 198
Longwave ridge | 289, 290
Longwave trough axis | 289-290
Longwave trough | 289
Longwave | 288-289, 290-291
Looking north at forested, transgressive dunes near Holland [Figure] | 277
Lost interval | 106
Lost Interval | 60-66
Love waves | 116
Low perched dune | 276, 279-281,283
Low perched dunes along the Lake Michigan shore [Figure] | 280
Low pressure system | 291
Lower Grand RIver Valley (A14) | 652

M

Mackinac Breccia | 52
Mackinac Breccia, a collapse breccia formed by Devonian-age collapse of caves in Silurian limestones [Figure] | 64
Mackinac Gorge | 184
Mackinac Island | 2
Mackinac Straits | 52
Mackinaw interstade | 180, 181, 183
Mackinaw phase lake | 183
Mackinaw Phase | 183
Macrofossils | 61, 77, 92, 95
Macroscale feature | 288, 289
Macroseismic | 116, 120
Mafic | 13
Magnetite | 140, 141, 142, 143
Magnitude (earthquake) | 116, 117
Main causes of impairments for lakes, ponds and reservoirs in Michigan [Table] | 219
Main causes of impairments for river and streams in Michigan [Table] | 219
Main Lake Algonquin | 183-184, 185, 186
Major end moraines in Michigan, and their relationship to the principal glacial lobes [Figure] | 258
Major types of faults that occur in rocks [Figure] | 21
Major watersheds of Michigan [Figure] | 211
Malachite | 160
Mammalia | 106
Mammoth | 97, 107-110, 113
Manistee moraine | 261
Manitoulin Island | 51
Mantle convection | 34
Mantle plume | 151, 153
Map of major end moraines, heads of outwash and other uplands of glacial origin, with names, in Michigan [Figure] | 259
Map of the 16 rivers and streams in Michigan, portions of which have been designated as state Natural Rivers [Figure] | 215
Map of the esker regions of Michigan, and the names [Figure] | 265
Map of the ice margin about 11,200 years ago, during retreat of the Marquette ice, showing the rising Lakes Stanley and Chippewa, and Lake Duluth and Minong [Figure] | 185
Map of the ice margin about 11,600 years ago, during the Marquette glacial readvance, showing Early Lake Erie, Lake Stanley, Lake Chippewa, and Lake Minong [Figure] | 184
Map of the ice margin about 12,900 years ago, showing Main Lake Algonquin, Early Lake Erie, and Lake Ontonagon [Figure] | 184
Map of the ice margin about 13,700 years ago, showing Early Lake Eriem Huron Lake Algonquin, the Calumet phase of Lake Chicago and Glacial Lake Oshkosh in Wisconsin [Figure] | 183
Map of the ice margin about 14,000 years ago, showing the low lake levels associated with the Twocreekan interstadial [Figure] | 182
Map of the ice margin about 15,900 years ago, showing Lake Whittlesey, Lake Saginaw, the Glenwood II phase of Lake Chicago and Glacial Lake Oshkosh in Wisconsin [Figure] | 182
Map of the ice margin about 16,500 years, showing Lake Arkona , the Glenwood I phase of Lake Chicago and Glacial Lake Oshkosh in Wisconsin [Figure] | 180
Map of the ice margin about 17, 500 years ago, showing Lake Maumee I [Figure] | 178
Map of the ice margin about 17,100 years ago, showing Lake Maumee II, Early Lake Saginaw, and the Glenwood I phase of Lake Chicago [Figure] | 178
Map of the ice margin about 18,000 years ago, showing the meltwater drainage overflowing to the Wabash and Kankakee Rivers [Figure] | 176
Map of the ice margin about 19,000 years ago, showing to Saginaw lobe reentrant [Figure] | 176
Map of the major drumlin fields in Michigan [Figure] | 265
Map of the major iron ranges and mining districts of the Upper Peninsula [Figure] | 140
Map of the major soil types in Michigan, as grouped taxonomically [Figure] | 323
Map of the major types in Michigan, as grouped by drainage class [Figure] | 325
Map of the Nipissing phase highstand about 6,000 years ago [Figure] | 187
Map of the soil parent material types in Michigan [Figure] | 316
Map of the valley of the Grand River and the surrounding landscape [Figure] | 268
Maple | 92, 98, 99, 100, 102
Maple-dominated forest | 99
Mapped climatic data for Michigan, for the period 1971-2000 [Figure] | 300
Maps of Kalamazoo County show, the water table surface is smoothly undulating and generally mimics the land surface [Figure] | 225
Maps of selected species isochrones, for multiple time periods in Michigan's past [Figure] | 94
Marble | 15
Margin (glacial) | 254, 256-261, 263
Marginal aquifer | 241
Marine effect | 333-334
Marine fauna of the Ordivician Period [Figure] | 48
Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) | 70, 72, 73, 77
Marquette District or Range | 142, 147
Marquette moraine | 261
Marquette Phase | 85, 185, 186
Marquette Range Supergroup | 31
Marsh | 100
Marshall aquifer | 228, 232
Marshall Formation | 55, 245, 251
Marshall sandstone | 229, 231, 232, 234, 235
Mason esker | 265-266
Mass extinction | 48, 54, 56, 58
Mastodon habitat in the Lower Peninsula [Focus Box] | 97
Mastodon | 97, 107-110, 113
Mattawa highstands | 186
Maximum and minimum temperature | 300-303
Maximum horizontal stress | 121
MDNR Landowner Incentive Program (LIP) | 349-350
Mean climatic data for East Lansing, MI [Figure] | 302
Mean daily solar radiation, at Lansing [Figure] | 308
Mean monthly precipitation totals at Alma, MI [Figure] | 302
Mean positions of the polar front jet stream over the United States, by season [Figure] | 289
Mean winter minimum temperature, 1961-2004, at Ironwood [Figure] | 307
Mean, statewide temperature and precipitation data [Figure] | 307
Median values of temperature threshold parameters for Eau Claire [Figure] | 310
Medieval Warm Period (MWP) | 101, 102
Megaherbivores | 112-113
Mellen, Harvey | 142
Member | 17-18
Menominee District or Range | 142, 147
Menominee Drumlin Field (A6) | 648
Menominee Group | 31, 32, 34
Mercury | 218, 219
Mesic beech-maple forest | 99-100, 102
Mesic birch | 102
Mesic deciduous trees | 99
Mesic deciduous trees | 99
Mesic forest | 98
Mesic hardwood forest | 334
Mesic taxa | 99, 100, 102
Mesnard Quartzite | 32
Mesoscale convective system (MCS) | 295
Mesoscale/microscale feature | 288
Mesotrophic | 216-217
Mesozoic | 17, 22, 60, 656, 657
Metall Mining Company | 170
Metamorphic rock | 15, 20, 24, 28
Meteorite crater | 64
Methane | 128
Methemoglobenemia | 245
Methylmercury | 218
Michigamme Formation| 33, 245
Michigan Basin | 16, 22, 48, 50, 51, 51, 55, 63, 66, 128, 130, 132, 135, 136, 137, 159, 238, 249, 252, 263, 658-659
Michigan Basin, The [Focus Box] | 49
Michigan Department of Agriculture (MDA) | 245
Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ) | 214, 217, 220, 234, 241
Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) | 348, 349
Michigan Environmental Council | 218
Michigan Formation | 55, 132, 234, 241, 251
Michigan Geological Survey | 143
Michigan Natural Features Inventory | 351
Michigan redbed sandstone, used as building material [Figure] | 61
Michigan subepisode | 77, 79, 81-82, 83
Michigan, name origin | 1
Michigan's major igneous rocks [Table] | 13
Michigan's major metamorphic rocks [Table] | 15
Michigan's major sedimentary rocks [Table] | 14
Michigan's Pleistocene vertebrate fauna [Table] | 108
Michigan's State Stone [Focus Box ] | 55
Michigan's virgin white pine timber was of exceptional quakity [Figure] | 617
Micro-continent | 28, 30, 37, 52
Microcystis | 219
Microthermometric analysis | 63
Mid-Atlantic Ridge | 116, 121, 124
Midcontinent Rift system | 28, 35, 150, 151
Middle Ordivician sea | 45
Midlatitude cyclones | 292
Mid-Michigan gravity high/anomaly | 122, 123
Mid-ocean ridge | 19, 42
Migmatitc gneiss of Archean age in an outcrop [Figure] | 30
Migmatite | 30
Mineral exploration | 11, 35
Minerals | 12, 35-37
Miner's Castle Member | 42, 44
Mining | 118-119
Minnesota [sic] mine | 162
Minor civil divisions | 2
Mislocated event | 119
Mississippian | 17, 40, 41, 54-56, 57, 61, 131, 132, 656, 657
Mitchell map of 1755 [Figure] | 4
Mixed conifer-northern hardwood forest | 98
Mixed coniferous-deciduous forest | 100, 317
Mixed oak forest | 99
Mixed pine forest | 100, 334
Modern analog principle | 91
Modern analog principle | 91
Modified Mercalli (MM) scale | 116
Modified Mercalli Scale for earthquake intensity [Table] | 117
Mollisol | 320, 326
Mollusc | 102
Moment magnitude | 117
Moose | 111
Morphology | 91
Morrice event | 119
Motto | 2
Mt. Simon Sandstone | 130
Muck | 327
Munising Formation | 42, 44, 45
Munising moraine | 261
Muskegon field | 132
Muskegon Oil Corporation (Muskegon Development Company) | 132

N

Named Michigan Islands within the Great Lakes [Table] | 194
National Center for Atmospheric Research | 310
National Weather Service (NWS) | 304
Native cranberries | 335
Natural brine | 232
Natural gas | 126-137
Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act (NREPA) | 214
Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) | 315
Natural Rivers Program | 214
Nautiloids | 48
Negaunee Iron Formation | 27, 32, 33
Neogene | 17
New Madrid seismic zone | 123-124
Newberry dune field | 284
Newberry moraine | 261
Newest immigrants to the Keweenaw often got stuck into the worst jobs [Figure] | 168
Niagaran Reef Trend | 130, 132, 135,136, 137
Niagra escarpment along the western edge of the Garden Peninsula [Figure] | 50
Niagra escarpment | 50, 51
Niagra Falls | 51
Niagra River | 182
Niagra Suture Zone (NSZ) | 34, 37
Nipissing phase | 187, 279
Nipissing transgression | 186-187
Nipple tooth | 107
Nissouri Phase | 79
Nitrate concentrations in groundwater samples from Michigan water wells [Figure] | 246
Nitrate contamination | 245
Nitrite | 245
Nodaway Point | 276, 278
Nomenclature and absolute time frame of the Precambrian [Figure] | 25
Non-arboreal plants | 96
Non-artesian well | 236
Nonesuch Formation | 155, 159
Nonesuch shale | 159, 169
Non-forest wetlands | 330
Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Species State Management Plan | 219
Nonpoint source pollution | 217
Normal fault | 20-21, 117, 151, 155
North American Pollen Database | 92
Northern hardwood forest | 100, 101, 102
Northern Hardwood-Conifer Forest | 332
Northern Michigan Highlands | 42
Northern white cedar is common on calcareous, sedimentary rock outcrops [Figure] | 340
NRCS soil mapping effort in Michigan [Focus Box] | 327
Numbers of major physical and political features in Michigan [Table] | 2

O

O horizon | 320, 321, 322
Oak [species]/forest | 92, 98, 101, 332
Oak forest on a coarse-textured site in the south-western Lower Peninsula [Figure] | 337
Oak Savanna ecosystem | 348-350
Oak savanna | 99, 100
Oak-dominated forest | 98, 99, 100, 101, 102
Oak-Hickory Forest | 336
Occurences of severe thunderstorms [Figure] | 304
Ocqueoc Falls | 208
Ohio buckeye | 332
Ohio, Boundary with Michigan | 3
Oil | 126-137
Oligotrophic(ation) | 201, 216-217
On low permeability or impermeable soils, where water collects during wet weather, various hardwood swamp forest communities are common across much of the Lower Peninsula [Figure] | 338
On the top (deck) of the iron ore docks at Marquette, Michigan [Figure] | 147
Onaway Phase | 79
Ontario basin | 77, 86
Ontario Subepisode | 77
Optical simulated luminescence (OSL) | 281, 284
Orbital cycles | 98
Ordivician Radiation | 48
Ordivician | 40, 41, 45-48, 50, 51, 52, 64, 65, 128, 130, 135, 137, 159, 656, 657
Ore fluids | 156-158
Organic soil | 319
Organisms factor (o) | 317
Orogeny | 27
Osteichthyes (bony fish) | 106
Ostiechthyes | 534
Ostracoderms | 48
Ostracodes | 106
Out of state earthquakes felt in Michigan [Figure] | 123
Outwash plain | 258, 262, 265, 268, 284, 326
Outwash | 258
Overland flow | 210, 213
Ownership of the Great Lakes by the eight states and the province of Ontario, Canada [Figure] | 192
Oxbow lake | 214

P

Paleoecology | 91
Paleoecology | 91-93
Paleo-Indians | 113, 615-616
Paleosol | 281
Paleovegetation | 91-103
Paleozioc | 17, 22, 24, 27, 40, 45, 50, 57, 58, 60, 62, 63, 65, 123, 128, 174, 249, 656, 657
Paleozoic Fauna | 48, 51, 52, 56
Paleozoic fossils of the Michigan Basin [Figure] | 46
Paleozoic stratigraphic succession in Michigan | 41
Palimpsest | 255
Pangea | 58, 61
Parabolic dune | 279
Parallel Climate Model | 310
Parallel drainage | 268
Parent material factor (p) | 317
Parent material | 315, 317, 318-319, 326
Part 327 of Act 451 (NREPA) | 220
Partially confining material | 241
Passive factor | 317
Paternalism | 144
Paucity of in situ | 79, 84
Peat soil | 336
Peat | 327
Peatland | 100
Pelecypod (clam) 106
Peninsula | 2
Peninsulas and linear lakes of the northwestern lower peninsula (A9) | 649
Pennsylvanian coal swamp [Figure] | 56
Pennsylvanian | 17, 40, 41, 56-58, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 128, 130, 656, 657
Penokean Orogeny/deformation/Mountains/ Highlands | 34, 37, 24, 115
Penultimate glaciation See Illinois glaciation
Percentage of land area in Michigan occupied by forests, by county [Figure] | 614
Perched Dune Model [Figure] | 278
Perched dune | 276-277, 281, 283
Peridotite | 13
Periglacial processes | 96
Periglacial | 82
Period | 17
Permian | 40, 41, 58, 60, 62, 66, 656
Peshekee Highlands and the Huron Mountains (A4) | 647
Petrochemicals | 128
Pewabic mine | 162
Phaneritic | 13
Phanerozoic | 37, 159, 160, 656
Phase | 72
Photograph of eleven of the twelve men who were entombed while working on the fourth level of the Pewabic Mine, when a room above them collapsed in 1894 [Figure] | 145
Photographs of lake sediment core extraction for fossil pollen and plant macrofossil analysis, using a Livingston coring device [Figure] | 93
Photos of banded iron formation (BIF) rock, which consists of thin, uniform layers of red hematitic chert alternating with gray bands of specularite , from Jasper Knob, Negaunee [Figure] | 141
Phyllite | 15
Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore | 42
Pignut hickory | 336
Pileus Project: Climate Science for Decision Making | 309-311
Pin oak | 332
Pine barren ecosystem | 348-350
Pine elfin | 348
Pine forest | 100, 102
Pine | 92, 98, 99, 101, 102
Pine-dominated forest | 98, 102
Pinnacle reef traps | 129, 132
Pinnacle reefs See Coral reefs
Pittsburg and Boston Mining Company | 162
Placoderms | 53
Plan colonization | 96
Planetary feature | 288
Planetary wave | 289
Planetismals | 24
Plankton | 128
Plant geography | 330-344
Plate boundary stress model | 122
Plate Tectonics | 19-22, 30-31, 33, 42, 52, 62, 115, 121, 122, 124, 130
Pleistocence | 22, 60, 66, 96, 106-113, 128, 159, 615, 656, 657
Pleistocene fauna | 106-113
Pleistocene glaciation | 35, 159, 160
Pleistocene megafauna | 97
Pleistocene Peccaries [Figure] | 112
Pliocene | 65, 70
Point source pollution | 217
Polar front | 289
Pollen diagram | 92
Pollen diagram | 92-93
Pollen rain | 92
Pollen rain | 92
Pollen zone | 93
Pollen zones | 93
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) | 218, 219
Poorly sorted | 32
Poplar | 97
Porqupine Mountains (A2) | 646
Port Bruce Stadial | 69
Port Huron field | 131
Port Huron glacial advance | 181, 183
Port Huron ice margin | 182
Port Huron maximum | 181
Port Huron moraine and tip of the thumb area (A16) | 653
Port Huron moraine | 181, 183
Port Huron moraine | 261, 284
Port Talbot Phase | 77, 79
Portage Lake Volcanics | 151, 156, 160
Porter field | 135
Post-glacial (isostatic) rebound | 121
Post-glacial lakes and levels from 17,000-2000 years ago in the Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, and Erie basins [Table] |179
Prairie compass plant | 336
Prairie plants | 335
Prairie vole | 350
Prairie warler | 348
Prairie | 330
Prairie | 335-336
Prairie | 99, 100, 616
Prairie/grassland ecosystems | 350-351
Prarie du Chien Group | 45
Precambrian aged pillow basalts [Figure] | 16
Precambrian crustal provinces of Michigan and surrounding areas [Figure] | 28
Precambrian rock types and formal unit names, representative of the western Upper Peninsula [Figure] | 29
Precambrian rocks: Mineral resources for the future [Focus Box] | 36
Precambrian | 17, 24, 26, 27, 34, 36, 37, 115, 122, 130, 135, 141,150, 155, 656, 657
Preglacial drainage in the Great Lakes region during the late Cenozoic, prior to glaciation [Figure] | 175
Prehistoric | 91
Pre-Illinoian glaciations | 71
Pressure waves See Primary waves
Primary documents involved in Michigan's contemporary boundary locations, 1783-1973 [Table] | 3
Primary waves | 116
Primitive fish | 53
Principle areas of carbonate bedrock in Michigan, and the locations of major limestone and dolostone quarries [Figure] | 51
Principle of cross-cutting relationships See Cross-cutting relations
Principle of faunal succession | 17
Principle of included fragments | 17
Principle of lateral continuity | 17
Principle of original horizontality | 16-17
Principle of superposition | 16, 24, 159
Production of refined copper from selected native copper deposits [Table] | 156
Profile (soil) | 326
Proglacial lake | 263, 268
Proglacial landform | 256, 261-264
Proglacial sediments | 261
Projected changes in the median length of the growing season at Bad Axe [Figure] | 311
Prokaryotes | 26
Proportions of all days which are wet, and of wet days which follow a wet day , at Caro [Figure] | 308
Proterozoic | 17, 22, 24, 27-28, 31, 33-35, 37, 40, 42, 56, 123, 140, 141, 174, 657
Protocrust | 26
Pumpelly, Raphael | 143
Pure Oil Company | 132
Push moraine | 257
Pyrite | 63, 155
Pyroxenite | 13

Q

Quantification | 116
Quartzite | 15, 32
Quaternary | 17, 70, 241
Quincy mine | 162, 168-169

R

Radioactive isotpoes frequently used in radiometric dating [Table] | 18
Radiocarbon dating | 69, 72, 77, 82, 92, 95
Radiocarbon years vs. calendar years [Focus Box] | 177
Radiolarians | 128
Radiometric dates | 12, 18-19
Ragweed | 101
Raisinville and Monroe events | 119
Randall, A. | 143
Range (2007) of the Kirtland's warbler in Michigan [Figure] | 349
Rattlesnake-master | 336
Ray-finned fish | 54
Rayleigh waves | 116
Recently -burned forest site in eastern Crawford County [Figure] | 340
Recessional moraine | 257
Recharge zone | 236
Reconstruction of the sequences of geologic events [Figure] | 17
Record of the last interglacial-glacial transition in central Illinois [Focus Box] | 74-75
Recurrence interval | 123
Red Cedar River, a tributary to the Grand River, is typical of many warm water streams that freeze under winter conditions [Figure] | 215
Red maple | 336
Red oak | 334
Red oak | 336, 337
Red pine | 98
Redbed | 60, 61, 63, 66, 135
Red-headed woodpecker | 348
Reed City field | 132
Reelfoot rift | 123
Regional metamorphism | 15
Relationships between surface high and low pressure systems [Figure] | 291
Relative time scale | 18-19, 24
Relief factor (r) | 317
Relief | 322
Reptiles | 56
Reptilia | 106
Reservoir (oil and gas) | 126-127, 129, 130, 132, 135, 136
Resistance to the physical erosion, of the various bedrock types in the Michigan Basin [Figure] | 250
Reverse fault | 20-21, 116, 155
Richmond Group | 48
Richter scale | 117
Ridge (wave) | 288-289
Rift | 19, 33, 34, 35, 37, 40, 150
Rift-flanking basin | 155
Riparian vs. groundwater rights: a case study [Focus Box] | 220
Ripple marks | 32
Riverine lake | 214
Rivers and canals in the vicinity of Chicago, before 1848 and at present [Figure] | 199
Robein Silt | 82
Rock cycle as it relates to plate tectonics [Figure] | 22
Rock cycle | 20, 22
Rocky Mountains | 60
Roger's City Formation | 52
Roosevelt, Franklin D. | 169
Round fourty | 617
Roxana Silt | 82
Rubicon | 324

S

Saginaw aquifer | 228
Saginaw dune field | 284
Saginaw field | 131, 132
Saginaw Formation | 56, 57, 130, 231, 232, 234, 245
Saginaw lobe drift | 319
Saginaw lobe | 175, 178, 182, 249, 254, 258, 261, 263, 265
Saginaw Lowland | 179, 180, 181, 268, 284
Saginaw oil field | 232
Salina Group | 51, 132
Saline water | 232
San Andres fault | 19, 116
Sand Dune Protection and Management Act | 280
Sand dunes | 274-284, 326
Sandstone | 14, 31, 42, 45, 60, 64, 66, 130, 152, 153, 155, 159, 160, 161, 228, 229, 249, 251, 252, 318
Sandy High Plains | 249, 662
Sandy soil (Entisol) that is about 10,000 years old, from western Baraga County [Figure] | 318
Sandy soil | 102, 318, 319, 334
Sangamon Geosol | 72
Sangamon interglaciation (episode) | 70, 72-73, 77, 86
Satellite image of a major lake effect outbreak [Figure] | 297
Saturated zone | 223
Sauk megasequence | 130
Savanna Grassland | 330, 336
Savanna | 336, 616
Scarlet oak | 336
Schematic illustration (not to scale) of pollen and macrofossil deposition in and around a typical lake basin [Figure] | 92
Schist | 15
School districts | 2
Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe | 161
Scott's moose | 111
Seafloor spreading zone | 42
Seal and trap (rock) | 126, 129
Seasonal fluctuations in Great Lakes' water levels [Figure] | 197
Secondary dune | 279
Secondary waves | 116, 120
Second-growth, mixed aspen-birch-balsam fir stand in Mackinac County [Figure] | 342
Section 319 Nonpoint Source Management program | 218
Sedges | 96
Sedimentary megasequence | 130
Sedimentary rocks | 13, 20, 24, 31, 34, 35, 40, 46, 58, 60, 63, 66, 130, 150, 153, 157
Seen here is an open area with many isolated, old white pine stumps, south of Kingston Lake in Alger County [Figure] | 331
Seiches | 195
Seismic events/activity | 115, 117, 118-119, 124
Seismic hazard assessment | 124
Seismic moment | 117
Seismic waves | 115
Seismicity map of Michigan, showing all known and reported events [ Figure] | 118
Seismogram | 116, 120
Seismometer | 116, 117
Serpentinite | 13
Severe thunderstorms and tornadoes | 304-305
Severe weather, storms, and hazards | 304-306
Severe winter weather | 305
Shadow zone | 120
Shagbark hickory | 336
Shale | 14, 32, 48, 53, 54, 60, 66, 129, 130, 132, 152, 155, 159, 160, 230, 249, 251, 252
Shear plane | 261
Shear waves or shock waves See Secondary waves
Shelby Phase | 83
Sherman Hill | 159
Shield | 30
Shock metamorphism | 33
Shoreline | 1
Shortwave trough | 291
Shortwave | 290-292
Siamo Slate | 32
Siliceous ooze | 32
Siltation | 218
Siltstone | 48, 130, 152, 155, 159, 160
Silurian paleogeography [Figure] | 45
Silurian rock salt, Detroit Salt Company mine [Figure] | 51
Silurian | 40, 41, 48, 50-52, 55, 64, 132, 135, 137, 656, 657
Sinkhole | 238, 240
Sinkhole | 65, 66, 70
Slate of the Michigamme Formation of the Baraga Group [Figure] | 33
Slate | 15, 32, 33
Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore | 276, 278
Slippery elm | 337
Small foredune near Charlevoix, Michigan [Figure] | 275
Small mammals | 107
Small prairie relic near Middleville, in Barry County [Figure] | 336
Snowbed willow | 96
Snowbelt | 199-200
Snowstorm | 305
Soil development/distribution | 317-322
Soil property (S) | 317
Soil water in the unsaturated zone compared to groundwater in the saturated zone [Figure] | 225
Soil | 315-328, 615
Soilscape | 315-328
Solar compass | 139
Solar insolation | 299, 302
Solution mining | 232-233
Solution salt mining | 126
Some of Michigan's Pleistocene invertebrates [Figure] | 106
Soo locks | 142
Source rock | 126, 128
Southern part of Michigan, illustrating the various lines associated with boundary disputes in this area [Figure] | 5
Specialist species | 347
Speculartie | 141, 142, 143
Sphagnum peat-dominated bog in the western Upper Peninsula [Figure] | 209
Spherules | 33
Spiny acanthosidiand | 53
Spodosol | 320, 321, 322-324, 326
Spreading center | 19, 30
Spruce vegetation/phase | 96-99
Spruce | 615, 616
Spruce-pine forest | 98
Spruce-sedge parkland | 96, 102
St. Joseph event | 120
St. Lawrence rift system | 123
St. Lawrence Seaway | 193, 202
St. Lawrence-New Madrid rift system | 122, 123, 124
St. Peter Formation | 45
St. Peter Sandstone | 130 ,136, 137
Stacked and smoothed record of delta Oxygen 18 in deep, seafloor cores, which corresponds with both global ice volume fluctuation s and global climate fluctuations [Figure] | 71
Stadials | 69
Stage | 69
Stagnant zone | 261
Standard Oil Company of Indiana (AMOCO) | 132
Standard Oil Company of Ohio (SOHIO) | 132
State factor | 317
"State insect" | 326
Statehood Act | 3
Step | 51
Storm surge | 195
Stormwater | 217
Stratification | 13
Stratified, sandy, and gravelly, glacial outwash sediments from a borrow pit near Waters [Figure] | 262
Stratigraphic column | 17, 657
Stratigraphic column, showing the ages and names of Keweenawan rocks in the western Upper Peninsula [Figure] | 154
Stratocumulus | 296
Stream flow reversal | 268
Strike-slip fault | 116, 120
Stromatolites | 26-27, 32, 140, 141, 153
Stromatolitic Kona Dolomite, Marquette, MI [Figure] | 27
Strong midlatitude cyclone: The "Edmund Fitzgerald storm" [Focus Box] | 292-293
Subaerial eruption | 151
Subaerial lava flow | 153, 156
Subduction zone | 121
Subduction | 19, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 46, 121
Subepisode | 72, 77
Subglacial drift | 256
Subglacial landform | 256, 264-266
Subsidence | 34, 42, 50, 51
Substage | 69, 77
Successional , nearly even-aged, stand of white birch in northwestern Lower Michigan [Figure] | 340
Successive stages in the formation of coal [Figure] | 62
Sugar Loaf, Mackinac Island landmark | 15
Sugar maple | 334, 337, 615
Sumatra earthquake | 115
Summary of pollen data from Kitchner Lake, Menominee County [Figure] | 96
Summary of pollen data from Wintergreen Lake, Kalamazoo County [Figure] | 94
Summary of the major vegetation changes in Michigan from 17,000 years ago to present [Figure] | 95
Summary of the trophic status of Michigan's public access lakes [Figure] | 217
Sun Oil Company | 131-132
Super-continent | 57
Supergene minerals | 159
Superglacial drift | 256
Supergroup | 18, 31, 32
Superior basin | 86
Superior Bedrock Uplands | 249, 251
Superior Bedrock Uplands | 30, 318, 663
Surface water | 220
Surface wave magnitude | 117
Surface waves | 116, 119
Surficial geology maps | 16, 664, 665
Swamp hardwood forest | 99, 101
Swamp white oak | 332
Sylvania Formation | 52
Sylvite | 51
Synoptic-scale feature | 288, 290-291

T

Taconic Mountains | 46
Tahquamenon Falls | 208
Tallgrass prairie | 317
Tamarack | 615, 616
Taxa | 91, 93
Taxa | 91
Taylor, Frank | 266
Tecktites | 33
Tectonic plates | 19
Tectonics See Plate tectonics
Temperature trends | 306-307
Tension Zone | 100, 334, 336
Terminal moraine | 257
Terrace | 267
Terrestrial gae and non-game fauna found in Michigan [Table] | 347
Terrestrial game and non-game fauna found in dune/shoreline ecosystems [Table] | 357
Terrestrial game and non-game fauna found in forest ecosystems [Table] | 352
Terrestrial game and non-game fauna found in inland lakes and wetland ecosystems [Table] | 355
Terrestrial game and non-game fauna found in oak savanna and pine barren ecosystems [Table] | 349
Terrestrial game and non-game fauna found in prairie/grassland ecosystems [Table] | 350
Terrestrial game and non-game fauna found in urban ecosystems [Table] | 359
Terrestrial game and non-game fauna | 346-359
Tertiary continental biota | 65
Tetrapod | 57
Theoretical ice marginal setup at the start of the development of the SE Michigan interlobate zone [Figure] | 256
Thermal maturity | 62, 66
Thick outwash systems in a portion of the southeastern Lower Peninsula [Figure] | 244
Thickness of glacial deposits in Michigan [Figure] | 255
Thin sections | 144
Thirteen-lined ground squirrel | 350
This flowing artesian well is located in a roadside park along US Hwy 2, just west of the Norway, in Dickinson County [Figure] | 237
This photo shows an acidic bog in Mackinac County, MI [Figure] | 335
Thrust fault See Reverse fault
Tilden Mine | 147
Tilden open pit iron mine near Negaunee, in Marquette County [Figure] | 147
Tiles | 263
Till plains | 264
Till | 256-257
Tillite | 31
Time factor (t) | 317
Timeline of entry mechanisms for nonindigenous aquatic species introduced to the Great Lakes, from 1810 to 1999 [Figure] | 202
Tippecanoe megasequence | 133
Toledo Strip | 5-7
Top 20 inland lakes in Michigan, by surface area [Table] | 207
Topographic map of a section of the Mason esker, near Holt [Figure] | 266
Topographic maps showing strandlines and/or beach ridges of some former glacial lakes in Michigan [Figure] | 176
Topography | 322
Torch Lake | 206
Total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) | 219
Transform margin | 19
Transgressive dunes | 275, 276
Translocation processes | 322
Transpressional earthquake | 116
Transtensional earthquake | 116
Traverse Group | 52
Traverse Limestone | 130, 131, 132, 136, 137, 251, 252
Treaty of Ghent | 3
Treaty of La Pointe | 139
Treaty of Paris | 3
Trempealeau ahd Prarie du Chien | 130
Trenton fields | 131
Trenton Formation | 131, 132, 135, 137
Trenton Formation | 46
Triassic | 66
Trilobite | 44, 48, 51
Trimountain mine | 166
Trough (wave) | 288-289
Tuliptree | 332
Tundra-like vegetation | 96
Tunnel channel lake | 214
Tunnel valley | 253-254
Tunnel valleys in NW Lower Michigan occur offshore, in and around Grand Traverse Bay [Figure] | 253
Turbidite | 32
Turfgrass farm | 327
Two Creeks Forset bed | 183
Two Creeks low phase | 182
Two mines in the district, the Tamarack (shown here) and Calumet and Hecla, had weak hanging walls [Figure] | 166
Two Rivers Phase | 182, 183, 185
Two Rivers Phase | 84
Types and characteristics of karst features in Michigan and parts of Wisconsin [Figure] | 240
Types of seismic waves [Figure] | 116
Typical example of low perched dunes along Lake Michigan [Figure] | 279
Typical oak savanna, which has both characteristics of Michigan forests an grasslands [Figure] | 348
Typical till plain, or ground moraine, in southern Michigan [Figure] | 264
Tyrrell Sea | 86

U

Ubly channel | 181
Ultramafic igneous rock | 26
Unconfined aquifer | 236, 245
Unconformity | 31, 32, 45, 48, 56, 130
Underfit stream valley | 268
Union of Concerned Scientists/Ecological Society of America (UCS/ESA) | 309, 310
United Kingdom Hadley Center Model (HadCM2) | 310
Universal Oil Products | 170
Upper Tahquamenon Falls, in Luce County [Figure] | 208
US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) | 232, 234, 235, 245
US Fish and WIldlife Service (USFWS) | 348
US Forest Service | 348
US Geological Survey | 144
US-Canada Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement | 214

V

Vaccinium | 334
Valparaiso moraine | 182
Van Buren State Park | 281, 283
Van Hise, Charles | 144
Vegetation diagram illustrating the distribution of forest types in northern lower Michigan [Figure] | 343
Vegetation | 320-322
Vertebrates | 54, 65, 106, 107
Vesper sparrow | 350
Volcanic arc | 28, 30, 31, 34, 37
Volcanic material | 151
Volcanic rock | 31, 35, 150, 151, 156
Vug | 51, 63

W

Walnut | 98, 99
Wapiti (elk) | 111
Water table aquifer | 227
Water table | 223-224, 236
Water Use Reporting Program | 220
Water Wonderland, nickname | 206, 245
Water, water everywhere-flowing well problems [Focus Box] | 237
Waterfalls of the Upper Peninsula and the location of the Cambro-Ordivician Escarpment | 47
Waterfalls | 45, 47
Watershed | 210, 213, 217, 219
Watersmeet moraine | 261
Wave beveling | 263
Waves and airflow in the midlatitude westerlies [Figure] | 288
Weather | 288-311
Weathering | 14
Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842 | 4
Well preserved Sangamon and Farmdale Geosols in western and northern Illinois [Focus Box] | 76
West Branch moraine | 261
Western Federation of Miners (WFM) | 168
Wetland | 334-335
Wet-mesic site | 338
Wewe Slate | 32
White ash | 337
White cedar | 615
White oak | 336
White Pine fault | 159
White Pine mine | 155, 159, 169-170
White pine occurred in nearly pure stands or was mixed with red pine or hardwoods, on sandy soils [Figure] | 339
White pine | 98, 100, 334, 616
White spruce | 96, 332
Whitefish fan | 187
White-tailed deer in Michigan [Focus Box] | 347
White-tailed deer | 347
Who pulled the plug on Rainy Lake [Focus Box] | 238-239
Why didn't it snow? [Focus Box] | 294-295
Wild lupine | 350
William Austin Burt, surveyor [Figure] | 140
Willow | 96
Willowvale Phase | 77
Wind set-up on the Great Lakes [Figure] | 195
Wind set-up | 195
Wind tide | 195
Wind-pollinated plants | 92
Wind-pollinated plants | 92
Winter interrupted transport over the Great Lakes, but sometimes made travel easier on the Keweenaw itself [Figure] | 162
Winter of 1811-1812 | 123
Wintergreen Lake | 101
Wintergreen Lake | 96, 97
Wisconsin Episode | 77, 79, 81-85
Wisconsin glaciation | 69, 70, 86, 174
Wisconsin Highlands | 45
Wisconsin, boundary with Michigan | 7
Wolves in Michigan [Focus Box] | 354
Woodland Muskox | 111
Woodland Muskoxen [Figure] | 112
Woolly mammoth | 109, 110
World map showing tectonic plate boundaries [Figure] | 19
Wormwood | 96

X

Y

Yellow birch | 100, 334
Yellow water lily and water shield plants dominate eutrophic Duck Lake [Figure] | 216
Young, oak-dominated forest on the sandy, well drained soils of Crawford County [figure] | 339

Z

Zebra mussel | 202-203, 218-219
Zone of weakness | 122

#

1886 Charleston, SC event | 123
1936 Timiskaming, Canada event | 123
1909 northeastern, IL earthquake | 123
1860 photo from an historic open-pit mining operation, the Jackson Mine, pit No. 1 [Figure] | 142
1894 view of the Chapin Mine's D shaft complex in Iron Mountain, looking east [Figure] | 145

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